Aug. 28, 2025
The Laredo Smallpox Riot
a Smallpox outbreak arose in Octobere 1898 in Laredo, but tensions grew when the Texas Rangers were callled to assist in forcibly taking sick people to "pesthouses". In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Laredo Smallpox Riot.
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Sources
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/laredo-smallpox-riot
https://www.texmed.org/Template.aspx?id=2012
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1069029/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/history.htmlhttps://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_2
https://traviscountyhistorical.blogspot.com/2023/02/a-history-of-travis-county-pest-camps.html
https://www.marquette.edu/cgi-bin/cuap/db.cgi?uid=default&ID=5982&view=Search&mh=1
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WEBVTT
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Hi everyone. This is Carmen and Christina and this is
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The Study as a known, a podcast where we talk
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about Latin American history. Sometimes it's horrible and deals with
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heavy topics like racism, corruption, and genocide. But more than that,
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it's also by resistance, power and community. And we're back
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for back maybe. Yes, the break was what we needed
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for me to pack and mostly unpacked. Yeah, and we're ready.
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We're ready to go. So today it's it's a shorter
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episode because there's not a lot of information on the
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scene that happened, but I didn't know about it. So
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here we are. A few episodes back. I did a
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series on mob violence toward Mexicans in the US, and
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the last two really focused on Texas and the Texas Arrangers.
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And like we sometimes do, we make short videos about
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the topics that we cover on the podcast to post
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on TikTok and Instagram. Right, yeah, And I don't remember
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where the comment came from, but I posted a video
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about the Bortovindi massacre and the Texas Rangers and someone said,
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look into the smallpox riot of vlad Delo, Texas, and
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I was like, okay, oh, I don't think I saw
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that comment. Yeah, well there's thousands now so when you
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combine Instagram and TikTok. Anyway, Yeah, someone said that and
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I was like, okay, and that's what this episode is,
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the smallpox riots. Interesting, never heard of this. Yeah, I
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had no idea. And so this takes place in March
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eighteen ninety nine. But before we can talk about what
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happened on that day, that's share some context. Yes, we
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have like a little button that just like context. Context.
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We love context. Actually the button should say we love context,
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we love no, but we love it. No, yeah, no, seriously.
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So you know, thanks to the series that we did
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on violence, violence, we know that this was a very
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tense time period between the Texas Rangers and Mexicans in
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Texas because of the Texas Rangers, but also you know,
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there's the Mexican American War, then just a lot of
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angles arrive into the area, the Mexican Revolution, all of
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these things are happening, and just really it's it was
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bad time, contentious time, yes, thank you. And also this
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is the eighteen hundreds we're talking about, and it's like
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a terrible time to be sick with anything just in general. Yeah, yeah,
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like that's a death sentence, a cough dead not dead.
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Cut on your finger. If you don't lose your finger,
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you die, or you lose your finger and then you die. Right, Yeah,
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tennis and all that. Yeah, we didn't have things that
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we have today, like vaccines. But also before we talk
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about the riot, what is smallpox. It is a super
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contagious disease caused by the variola virus. Even though the
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names sound the same, chicken pox and smallpox, chicken pox
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is not from the same virus. I was gonna say,
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it's a different virus, right, it's a herpes virus. Yeah,
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I remember from listening to this podcast will Kill You,
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a very fun podcast. I haven't listened to that in
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so long. I haven't either a while. I got to
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get back to it. But yeah, So smallpox is believed
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to have existed for at least three thousand years before
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it was eradicated three thousand years. Well, yes, and it's
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eradicated like it's gone. Oh, like it's eradicated now. It
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doesn't exist except in labs to be maybe when they
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used as a biological weapon, which is very scary. Anyway,
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The origin of smallpox is unknown, but smallpox like rashes
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have been found on Egyptian mummies. Wow. Yeah, I forgot
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which mummy specifically, but like on his head. Oh, and
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that's where that three thousand years comes from. They're dating
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back to like that like for sure, then possibly longer.
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The earliest written description of a disease that sounds like
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smallpox comes from fourth century China. Fourth century. I can't
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even like fathom the fourth century, right, like oh, and
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then there's like there's like a drawings of them like
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making altars to a god to like help them with smallpox,
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which is just fascinating to see how people dealt with
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it because obviously there's no vaccines, so all they had
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was their gods or god. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. In Japan
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in the eleventh century, there's uh drawings of offerings to
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a smallpox demon. Yeah. Anyway, so early signs on symptoms
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of smallpox include a high fever, fatigue, severe back pain,
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severe back pain. I want to connected that I know
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the symptoms so amazing. I wouldn't have thought of that,
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and it's gone, so you wouldn't know it exactly exactly. Yes,
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thank you vaccines. Well to come back as has the measles,
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I hope not if it's a two rfk it will
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hm hmm but less rare, but also sometimes happen with
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some people's abdominal pain and vomiting. And that's like day
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one and two, right, because it gets worse and then
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you die. Yes. Day three is when the rash develops.
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And this is a very specific looking rash, like there's
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these big bumps everywhere. The bumps are full of clear
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liquid and then puss, I'm sorry for this, and then that.
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Then these bumps develop a crust and then that dries
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and falls off. Yeah, And the rash begins on the
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face and hands and then spreads to the entire body,
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but in the in the face specifically, it's these like
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lesions inside the mouth, the now the nose and mouth oo. Yeah.
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That then they become ulcers. So then you can't even eat, right, no,
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I mean it sounds painful like it would. But also
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some people are throwing up at the same time, you know. Yeah,
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honestly sounds like a terrible time. No. Yeah, again, highly contagious.
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It's transmitted from person to person through droplets. So like
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you know, you're love one sick, you comfort them, they
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turn and cough in your face and get done. They
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breathe next to you, but also through contaminated clothes and bedding.
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And it has an incubation period. Do you know what
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incubation period means? Yeah? I like, I like vaguely like, no,
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it's like the time I'll just like explain, yeah, before
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you go on about how you don't know what was
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the same. It's the time between when you get it
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and you're contagious and then you before you show symptoms, right, yeah,
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so it is the time from you are infected to
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the time you show symptoms. Sometimes you spread the disease
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during this, sometimes you don't smill box. It's not contagious
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during the incubation period. It is contagious when you start
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having a fever, which is like day one of symptoms.
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So interesting, Yeah, which is good because the incubation period
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of this is seven to nineteen days. Seven to nineteen days. Yeah,
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so you could have gotten it from someone between that
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time nationality symptoms, Yeah, you know in those amount of days.
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Well that means it doesn't spread as easy as fast
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as something else until yeah, like but it's not like
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they knew that back then, right right, So it's what
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someone is sick though, and you're near that sick person
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one hundred percent, you're going to get it, right, but
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it wasn't like like COVID right right, right, Yeah, and
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then your infectious from the moment the fever develops to
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the last scabs. I did know that falling off and
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this these scabs like sorry, the pustular rash, the pustules,
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those wings gap. It sounds discussing, but the pustular rash
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is before its scabs, right, yes, the scabs after Yeah,
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so that's about ten days and then it takes another
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six days after that for the scabs to all fall off. Now,
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so you're like infections for a long time. Yeah, you're
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dealing with this for a long time if you don't die. Yeah,
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what was the survivable rate of this? It was like
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three out of ten people died. Oh, but I couldn't
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find the exact year, like because in some areas like
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ninety percent of people. Yeah, like the seventeenth century when
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colonizers brought smallpox to North America. Yeah, and it was
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extremely deadly. And I will say it was deadly er
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because in like Europe and all these areas there was
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a form of inoculation for a while. So inoculation is
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like a precursor to vaccines, where like people had is
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that like herd immunity, Yeah, sort of like people had
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been living in close proximity to animals that had variations
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of smallpox within their own like species, right, and because
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of that people some people developed inoculation or some people
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had already gotten sick and survived, and so then you
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know that immunity spreads, and so a lot of people
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were already immune, these people being the colonizers that then
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came to North America, South America, these places that had
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never seen this disease before, and like a smallpox killed
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at least thirty percent of all indigenous peopleeople in like
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all these continents, in some areas like being like one
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hundred percent of some groups percent. Wow, and you're adding
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measos and the flu. That's where those numbers grow even
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more because measos and the flu also had not been
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encountered by these groups before Cortes and his army of
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colonizers they lost their first battle to the Meschica in
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the Tan, and then they were returning for their second attack,
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fearing that they were going to lose because they had
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already like lost that first battle. When they got back
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to the they found that smallpox had devastated the city,
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like so many had died already because they brought smallpox
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with them in other parts, like in more north than that,
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so like in the what would become the US, But
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when it was like still under British colonization, they found
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that smallpox was very deadly to indigenous people and they
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were like, hey, let's make smallpox blankets. Yeah, and there
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was a weapon, and again it was very very deadly.
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The Incan Empire also a very very like ninety percent
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mentality rate mortality rate, so yeah, very deadly. And until
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smallpox was eradicated through a vaccine, there were outbreaks that
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happened very often all over the world. The last known
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cases happened in the late nineteen seventies. Damn mm hmm,
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yeah that long ago. No, no, yeah again, no, thanks
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to vaccines. It is the only human infectious disease in
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the world to be completely eradicated, because even polio came back, right, yeah,
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and it wasn't completely eradicated everywhere. It had been eradicated
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in the US, but obviously like other areas. I remember
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listening well too, this podcast will kill you, and they
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mentioned that, Yeah, in some areas of the world it
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was still around, and I think they had someone from
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I forgot where in the world, but they had contracted
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it as a child as guests they had them him
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on Wow. Well yeah, like I said, outbreaks happened on
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a very regular basis before wide efforts to completely get
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rid of this disease. And again, the way this was
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done is it was amazing. I didn't write it down
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because it would take so long. But basically it was
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like a worldwide effort between like Who and the CDC.
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And I mean, if anyone wants to learn more, you
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can listen to the episode on smallpox from this podcast
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will kill you because they get into the history. Yeah,
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how it was eradicated all of that, Yeah, but it's fascinating.
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But basically, yeah, it was just this effort like quarantines,
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door to door vaccinations, things like that. Contact tracing. I
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am fascinated by contact tracing, truly fascinating, and it is
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what helped eradicate smallpox even the last outbreak that the
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last one that happened in somewhere, yeah, in nineteen seventy seven.
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I forgot where it was though, Somalia maybe, but it
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was contact tracing where they were able to like stop
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it from being spread and then like just vaccinate everyone.
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So yeah, contact tracing it works, public health it works.
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So yeah. One of these regular outbreaks that happened before
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the eradication of smallpox eighteen ninety eight Loretto, Texas. So
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on October fourth, eighteen ninety eight, doctors in Laredo started
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noticing the spread of an illness that resembled chicken pox.
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It was spreading among the children, and soon they realized,
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oh no, this is not chicken pox, this is smallpox
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because it's more deadly. The first death from this outbreak
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happened on October twenty ninth, eighteen ninety eight, and it
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was a Mexican child, and this death prompted the then mayor,
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Mayor Lewis J. Christen and officials to start a committee
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to investigate the spread of this illness. And within three months,
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by the end of January eighteen ninety nine, there had
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been more than one hundred cases in Laedo, and because
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of this, officials advised stronger measures to control the spread
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of the disease. And so this is where doctor Walter
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Fraser Blunt Blunt, a Texas State health officer then advised
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house to house vaccination and fumigation, the burning of all
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possibly contaminated clothing and personal effects that could not be fumigated,
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and then the establishment of a field hospital for all
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infected patients. And this field hospital it became like a
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quarantine area that then was called a pest house. And
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these measures to control the disease were mostly taking place
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in the poorer areas of Ladedo, which also happened to
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be mostly Mexican areas. And like we know that then
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populated areas are where viruses thrive. Yeah, it has nothing
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to do with a race, right, If anything, it has
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to do with the disparities that follow racial and ethnic
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and disadvantage groups right right, And then there's a reason
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the most a risk groups are the more highly densely
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populated areas. You add in like the style of living, like, oh,
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is it a multi generational home? Right people in this area?
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So yeah, all those things come into play when you
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look at how viruses are spreading. But we and our
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listeners know that this is the time period also where
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eugenics was like fully thriving, right, you know, people were
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blamed because of their race, Like, oh, those dirty Mexicans.
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So the fact this was getting mostly Mexican children was
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adding touch that narrative. Yes, thank you for your type. Yeah. Yeah. Also,
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these pest camps were hardly a place to heal and
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get better. It was probably more disease written. Yeah, and
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it was more like a prison, Oh god, and a
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death sentence going there and meant you were going to die. Basically,
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