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Hey, everyone, This is Carmen and Christina and this is
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The Studs, a podcast where we talked about Latin American history.
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Sometimes it's horrible and deals with type topics like racism,
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corruption and genocide, but more than that, it's also about resistance,
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power and community. And today we have a special treat.
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What a treat of an episode? This was? It was heavy,
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it was Yeah. We had the honor and pleasure speaking
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with doctor Joe Doherty and he was an eyewitness to
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the nineteen seventy three corpedestalo in Chile and was picked
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up by Dina the secret police and prisoned in the
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Istalio Nasuna for eleven days, and last year he discovered
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his handwritten notes from that time, which formed the basis
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of his book Chile Members of the Past, and his
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testimony or testimonial was accepted by El Museo de la
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Memoria ILOs Dichosumanos in Santiago or the Museum of Memory
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and Human Rights in San Diego, Chile for their own archives.
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In his book, he talks about his experiences leading up
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to the Gorpe and afterwards when he was expelled from Chile,
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and he also relates other experiences for example, his experience
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with Padre Miguel Escoto, who somebody you might know became
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the Foreign Minister of the Sandinistans. I didn't know that actually,
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and we thought this would be an even more special
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episode after we did our five part series on Chile
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a year maybe two years ago now, I think like
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two years ago. Yeah, So everything that doctor Joe is
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talking about in the episode, it will ring bells if
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you listen to those episodes. And if you didn't or
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have you been, Yeah, if you haven't listened, and go
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back and listen, because it is helpful to have We
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talk about it here. But obviously we didn't go into details.
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So if you want more details on some of the
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things that Joe talked about, then you can check those
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episodes out, or you can also read this book. Yeah,
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but both. Yeah, I'm definitely getting the book. Yeah, I
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already have it. I'm hoping to start reading it soon. Yes,
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I just you know when books pile up. Yeah, this
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was so timely for me because I just finished listening
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to and I mentioned a little bit in the episode,
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but I just got done listening to the House of
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the Spirits by Isabel and it's it sort of set
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in that time towards the middle and the end of
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the book, but also because it follows three generations of
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a family, so it's like the time span of like
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about one hundred years, so we really see the oligarchs
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and the rich people being in power right and the
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shift changing political lee throughout we read about and listen
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about those political ships, people becoming more leftists. Allende the
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character based on Allende being elected into government, when he
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first started reaching out to the peasants and writing on
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his trains how he used to do and up to
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the coup. Afterwards, it's just herowing, just like speaking to
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Joe with heroine, but important, so important, so important for
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everyone to hear what he went through there and that's
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when experience and again thousands were tortured in these yeah,
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concentration camps during the Pinochet regime slash dictatorship. So yeah,
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hi everyone, This is Carmen and Christina and we have
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a special guest today.
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Hello. My name is Joe Gardi, and I'm the author
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of a book called Chile Embers of the Past, which
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details my my time at Chili, particularly around the coup
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of nineteen seventy three, in which the military over two
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of the elected government of salvad Oriende, and also the
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time that I spent as a president in the National
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Stafty in Santia and then was expelled from the country.
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It also includes my return to the country. In two
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thousand and one, I accompanied Joyce Hermit Horman, who is
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the widow of Charles woman who was executed by the
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Chilean military nineteen seventy three, to testify against various military officers.
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So much and just that introduction, and so your book
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is about your experiences before the coup, the Gold Palestado,
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and then when you were picked up by the secret police.
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As you just said, but can you tell us what
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brought you to Chile in the first place.
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When I was in the seventh grade, which means I
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was probably about thirteen years of age, the English teacher
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gave us an assignment to write page yesterday of what
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we want to do when we were adults, and I
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wrote that I was going to go to Chile. And
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it always has been a mystery to me why I
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said that, because in the town that I grew up in,
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it was completely white. There were no Hispanics, no Asians,
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no blacks. And someone suggested that maybe I got the
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idea from a geography class, But if that's the case,
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I don't remember. But I've always had this desire to
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go to Chile. And when I graduated high school, I
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joined a Catholic organization called mary No, which is a
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missionary organization, and the day assigned me to Chile, which
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I was absolutely elated. And that's how I came to
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go to Chile.
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You were like perfect And what was it like during
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the Allenda years?
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Well, first of all, when he was elected. The election
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was in September of nineteen seventy and he didn't get
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the majority of the votes, which according to Chilean law,
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he had to be approved by Calm So the several
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months from the time the election took place, at the
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time Congress met to either approve him was the president
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or not, it was a very tension filled period of time.
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It's like everyone was in limbo. Were they going to
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do it or not do it? And they didn't do it?
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What was going to happen? But they did. They approved
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him as president and he assumed power. But right away
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that the country was polarized. The people who were afraid
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of quote unquote socialism, had a hard time with accepting
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the fact that India had been elected president. And then
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of course the United States didn't like it either and
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they played a huge role in his overthrow. In the
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book I talk about this Miguel Descoto. Miguel Descoto was
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a Marito priest. He was he was born in Hollywood,
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but his father was very wealthy. He was in an
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abass to Japan and the United statesment. That's the most
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of the dictator. Miguel had lual citizenship and he was
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a dage. In nineteen sixty one, went to Columbia University
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to a degree in journalism. It was assigned to Chile,
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and he was a very powerful force in Eduard no
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Frey becoming president in nineteen sixty four. Frey ran against
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the Indian and the Scoto and Frey labeled the Indy
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a communist threat. Later, much later, Miguel supposedly had this
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conversion and he ended up being the foreign minister for
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the Sandinista government, which is a complete flip, right complete flip.
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I wrote an article critical of him for Marinal Publication,
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and it was very interesting to me. Responses that I got,
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which were from class basicists who were in the seminary
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with Miguel, and they said that even in the seminary
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as a seminary before he was a gained Miguel was
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on the payroll of the CIA, that he would make
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frequent trips to Washington, and it's been ruined and I'm
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sure it's true. Then when Miguel was assigned to Chile
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and began working with Frey in the campaign, that three
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hundred thousand dollars was funneled to the Frank campaign through Miguel.
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I really believe that that's why what happened.
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It's very interesting the role of the Catholic Church during
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the coup and like the I and the years, because
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like when you look at other Latin American countries, a
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lot of the Catholic churches, like say Talbaldor, they were
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practicing liberation theology and they themselves were labeled as communists.
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But in Chile it seemed to be the opposite, with
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like the Catholics aligning or the Catholic Church as an
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organization aligning with the opposite of Allende, so like aligning
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with Pinochet. So it's just it's interesting to see the differences.
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Oh yeah, very much. Actually in Latin American liberation theology
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didn't take a place until after several years after a
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Yendi had been overthrown. But when I got to Chile
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in March of nineteen seventy there were probably forty five
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marinal priestian brothers in the country when when he was overthrown,
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thirty nine members of the congregation supported Pinocche, hoping in
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there's just a handful of us that didn't do that.
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And can you share with us about the day of
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the coup, like where were you?
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Sure?
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Sounds scary to read about it.
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Yeah, yeah, well, I I had stayed up late writing letters.
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Of course, we shouldn't have cell phones. We didn't have
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the internet in nineteen seventy three. And I came down
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the stairs and as I came down, the housekeeper had
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the TV blasting, and I can see that there was
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a military officer and from what I could make out,
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he was reading names off. And I went into the
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kitchen and she was running back and forth playing pots
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and pans, screaming at the top of her lungs that
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don't be stubborn, don't be stubborn. Because the military had
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given a n D until eleven o'clock that morning to
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be out of the money at the presidential palace, and
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he wasn't about to do that. In the middle of
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this chaos, the phone raiser was a good friend of mine,
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telling me that her brothers had seen her brother had
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seen tanks around the money that early that morning, so
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I knew a coup was in progress. And overnight, this
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is I mean overnight, people became paranoid, absolutely paranoid. They
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began hiding literature, began burning it, and began hiding into
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the tiles of the moves of their homes. Because the
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main message of the military was that they they were
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liberating Chile from communism, and it was almost impossible for
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anyone to visit a kiosk in Santiago or any other part
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of the country and buy something that they wouldn't consider
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to be communistic. So the atmosphere was completely changed. And
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of course there was the curfew. And then, as I
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mentioned the book, a neighbor of ours, a woman proppingly
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in the early thirties, set me open the front door
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of her house and were standing there and were shot
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to that by one of the soldiers.
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Wow.
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And then where I lived, front of the plaza, and
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there was apartment buildings on the other side of the
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plaza and opened the window on the second floor of
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the apartment building and he was machined onto death. So
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the things like that were happening that people were very
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much aware of, which was causing an incredible fright in terror. Terror.
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And then as I mentioned, there was I was getting
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phone calls from friends telling me what's happening, what was
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happening where they were. One of the stories was that
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a group of kind of midheitos had entered a pueblas
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a neighborhood and the people poor neighborhood, and the people
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had taken him from the bus and hung them from
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lat post. But I could never really find out if
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that was true or not. But there were stories going
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around that added to the feeling of terror because you
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really didn't know what was going to happen. The military
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had taken complete control of all of the communications, and
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that that kind of continued.
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You know, I mean it just yeah, yeah, that's so scary.
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But it's like it's the kind of environment that they
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need to foster to get, you know, people to don't
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I don't remember if it was the same in Chile
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as it was like and inside of attle later, but
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where people had like hotlines where they were like, oh
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so and so is a communist and then like they
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would come, the military or the intelligence officers, like they
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would come and take those people away, and then who
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knows what would happen. Like in this case, they had
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all those set up, I mean constitution camps. Really, I
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don't know what else they were like those locations. So
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they need that environment of fear to they need to
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maintain it.
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Oh absolutely, I mean that happened in Chile as well.
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You know, people were terrified. A friend of Chilian friend
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of mine told me that if you get into a
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cab in Santiago or anywhere, actually you had to be
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very very careful of what you talked about because you
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didn't know if the cab driver would report the clone
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the same if it was talking about the political environment
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to the police. And I had the good fortune and
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this really was a good fortune. A fabula later year.
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She passed away about two years ago. She was a
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human rights lawyer and she was the brother of Orlando
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later year who was assassinated body Chan in Washington. She
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was one of the lawyers for Joyce Foremen. When I
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went back in two thousand and one, and we were
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at the courthouse and we left. It was Fabuola, and
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there was another attorney. It was Joyce, and there was
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a friend of Joyce. We were walking toward a restaurant
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for lunch and for some reason I was scripped by
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anxiety and I thought I could be shot. I got
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you know, I could be shot in the Streetia, because
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what had happened was sixteen minutes and sent down a
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film crew to film us. But they get down there
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and they decided not to do it. But that aside.
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So I said to Fabiola, I said, Fabula, aren't you
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I mean, you're so well known, you're the sister or