The Hour of Blood, La Matanza part one

0:08 Everyone. This is Carmen and Christina and this is a Study as Unknown, a podcast where we talk about Latin American history. Sometimes it's horrible and deals with heavy topics like racism, corruption, and genocide. But more than that, it's also by resistance, power and community. And today we're just continuing with a very depressing topic. In the last two episodes, I talked about the history of lynching, mostly focusing on California, with like some sprinkles of New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas. And I did mention, like the number of official lynchines of Mexicans in the US from eighteen forty eight to nineteen twenty eight is five hundred and forty eight. And that's for all of the US. When using the official definition of lynching from the Tuskegee Institute, there must be legal evidence that a person was killed. That person must have met death illegally. A group of three or more persons must have participated in the killing, must have acted under the pretext of service to justice, race, or tradition.

1:04 And that's the number that you know if all was under that definition. But like I said, when you expand that definition to what are still considered legal lynenes. Today, that number grows in insane amount, especially in one state, TXs Yes, Texas, and that's thanks to one group, Texas Rangers. That's right. Sorry, it sound like for this gump you do, and I love it. Don't ever change my coworkers may fund me for my text and accent. Yeah, I mean, okay, yeah, it's not good. Okay, I can't do one either, That's why I didn't try. The years from nineteen ten to nineteen twenty were especially brutal, and this time period is known by a couple names. Do you know them? I don't think so. La Matanza. Oh my god, I was gonna say that popped in my head and I was, but I was guessing, and I was like, but I don't think I've ever heard that before. I was just gonna guess you would have been right, damn. Yeah, this is a lesson. Don't doubt me to me, Yeah, from me to me, don't doubt me. Never doubt Carmen or you know in English, the Massacre or Laura de Sangre the Hour of Blood. Oh okay, I think you mentioned that last episode. This violence was committed by state police, vigilantes, and military, and that includes the Texas Rangers. The time period that the Texas Rangers enacted the most violence in those years was nineteen fifteen to nineteen nineteen. Estimates from nineteen ten to nineteen twenty of Mexicans that were killed during that time period ranges from three hundred to five thousand. Wow.

2:38 But this number is not exact because so many murders went unreported. But let's start with the enactors of the majority of this violence that Mexican were facing, and of course also indigenous people, the Texas Rangers. While so many vid them as heroes, especially in Texas, others as monsters and evil. What's evil incarnated? Evil incarnate, Yes, that evil incarnate, especially the the sentence of those murdered by the Texas Rangers. But you wouldn't know it. You wouldn't know they did these things when you hear about them, and how amazing and heroic they are, and how revered they are. Bevered, Yes, thank you. In eighteen twenty three, Stephen F. Austin, one of the early Anglo settlers in the land that would become Texas, organize a small group of men to protect other settlers and their property. They call themselves Rangers. After Texas claimed the independence from Mexico in eighteen thirty six.

3:37 These rangers worked to keep Anglo settlers safe in the new Republic of Texas. But the safety was at the expense of others, of course, who they deemed enemies of the republic, the Kamanche, the Tonkawas, the Apaches, the Kiowa, I mean, all indigenous people and Mexicans. Right, And it's like, okay, yes there was violence, but there wouldn't be violence if you weren't there where you shouldn't have been in the first place, you know, right, Yeah, this is the epitome of te la buscastes pendejo. Right, yeah, like you were looking for it, but real not like what no, but really really Terran people say it too. Yeah, and their yeah, their enemies. They literally declared their enemies. Quote Indian warriors and bacqueros, that's what they said their enemies were. And Texas Rangers also worked to preserve the enslavement of black people.

4:29 This was instrumental to their work. They tracked down and punished enslaved black people who were trying to cross the Rio Grande into Mexico for their freedom, and the Texas Rangers broke existing laws that forbade them from crossing into Mexico. Of course they did. They weren't allowed to, but they were doing it all the time. And when they did this, they not only did it to capture the person that was trying to escape, but also to terrorize Mexican towns helping them. Of course, like you know, last episode, I mentioned one of the claims that were done to that board. I don't remember the name of the board anymore, or a group or committee whatever it was called. Yeah, but one of the claims was the majority of those claims that were approved. It was all from one incident by the Texas Rangers in Guahila. This was one of those instances where they went into capture someone trying to escape enslavement and then they burned the whole town down. My goodness.

5:21 And one Texas Ranger described Mexicans as black as n words and ten times as treacherous. Wow. And this is a group very celebrated by some. Yeah, they as an organization today barely barely recognize their racial terror they enacted on anyone who was their enemy. Shocking. Some historians state that the Texas Rangers was one of the first prominent Western vigilantes to be endowed with legal authority, the other being actual comps who, as we all know, probably by now, their jobs started as capturers of enslaved people that were trying to away. Yes, and that's their legacy, you know, like if that's their beginnings, yikes, how can we even like trust them? Right, like, that's what that's my thing, you know, No, for real. And one law that made it so easy for them to go around killing and the name of justice was the lay the fuga or the law of flight or law of escape. Both have been used. Is it like fugitive fuga fuga? Yeah, So the Texas Rangers would release prisoners and order them to run.

6:28 Then they would shoot prisoners while they ran, because once they were running, then they were they had all the right to kill them. Oh my god, that was le fuga. And in their reports they would just say prisoner was killed to prevent escape or for resistant arrest. Just like now, how they plant weapons and shit like that. Right Like again, presidential times, nothing changes, Everything is the same. One man who was fighting back and led a rebellion against the New Republic and the Texas Rangers. His name was Juan Nepo Museno Cortina who will be his own episode because I had no idea about this. They were called the Cortina Wars. But yeah, he's gonna be his own episode. But he described the Texas Rangers as vampire guys's of men who rob property and hunted and murdered Mexican men like wild beasts. Did you send me a screenshot of this this vampire quote? Yes, I did. I just send you a screenshot of this. Yeah, okay, okay. Immediately immediately I thought of vampires, and I was like, oh my gosh.

7:24 She said that gayas did her research. She really did. Also, the whole time that we were reading that book, I it took me too long to realize Rinchez was people trying to say rangers in Spanish. Are you serious? It took me a very long time. Yeah, but I know that now. Yeah. But seeing Cortina here described them as vampires, and then like reading the book just gives it a whole new yeah, real meaning like litreal, which was wild too. This wasn't some metaphor that even just made up. Like back then, they were referring to them, yes, yeah, as vampires, vampiric but the revolt of eighteen fifty nine didn't accomplish what could I wanted within ten years land that was one Mexican and of course indigenous Like that goes without saying.

8:07 It decreased and decrease. As the years went by, violence and technology was on the side of the Anglo settlers. Their favorite technology and tool for colonization was barbed wire. Barbed wire. Barbed wire, Yes, and I wasn't surprised to learn barbed wire. It's a tool of the enemy. From its inception was a tool of colonization. I remember trying to jump fences and getting stuck numbers skidding. No, that never happened. No, we did jump fences, but there's not really broadwire. I feel like it came more out of use by the time we were jumping fences because of how dangerous it is. Yes, yeah, baradwire was patented in eighteen seventy four by a man named JF. Glinden, and with it, Anglo rnchers were able to fence in areas to claim as their own. They put down bombed wire to block access to rivers and streams, public rivers and beacause all land was basically public back then, exactly. They placed bart wired down on places that were for communal farming or communal like grazing, like you know, cattle would graze.

9:10 That pisses me off so much. Yeah, and that's what they used it for. I'm not surprised. As the decade went by, ranch lands were all private and the Mexicans that once farmed it as ranch owners where now the manual farm labor were shaking our heads. This of what you're talking about just reminded me like when I read the book about King Leopold, because not only Belgium, but also the British and other European powers did the same shit all over Africa, and King Loopold specifically in the Congo, he really fucked shit up there, yeap. And like land was communal, shit did not work the way they made it more and forced it to be, and they killed hundreds and hundreds and thousands for their greed. I'm just like, oh my god, yeah, okay, insidious truly yus. There was even a same that grew from this go on, el a lambre rino, el lambre wow. With the barbed wire came hunger wow. And of course it sounds better in Spanish because it rhymes, it says, it rhymes. Yeah, this is your sign to learn Spanish. Okay, Yeah, everything sounds cooler, it really does. And of course barbed wire was used for this because even you know now you could still say it was a tool of like the oppressor, because like what's used against the un House. Yeah yeah, And so I was not shocked to see this, but I didn't know it. And just reading that saying was like, I just say, you know, every time I wrote another sentence, I was more angry. Yeah. Yeah, no, It's like infuriy and like eye opening it at the same time exactly.

10:42 And the King Ranch was one of the first to be fenced with barbed wire. This ranch was made up of two million acres of land and was seen as the greatest symbol of Anglo domination in the borderlands. Two a million acres. Wow. That again was communal land stolen with barbed wire. A town formed around this King Ranch, and the town was called Kingsville, and the King Kleburg families owned this town. Basically they operated everything in the town, the Keebrig Bank, the kings In, the Kingsville Ice Rink, the Kingsville Ice End Milling Company. I thought it was an ice rink. And what a fitting name, kings because this bears a resemblance to the feudal system. Oh yeah, yeah, the Kingsville Power Company. Oh my god, Oh my god.

11:30 I could go on and on and on. Everything was King's or Keburg. Wow. This is also where the Texas Rangers ended up building their headquarters, and the Texas Rangers were often referred to as king Ranches private security. Of course they were, yeah many times. I don't know actually if we have said it a lot or not, but I think it's something that we talk about a lot and read stuff about all the time or listen to stuff about it all the time. But like the police is here to protect businesses, the rich property? Yeah, property, Yeah, they're not here to keep you safe. Now, And look at that goes all the way back, Oh yeah, from the beginning. And of course yes, because what were in slave people considered property? What was their first job to catch those and slaves people? It's all connected, those are the lines. All of this paired with Texas laws that were growing and growing targeting Mexican property owners, all of this increased racial tensions. In eighteen ninety one, there was another revolt, this one led by Kariano erasmo Garza. And this group was made up of hundreds of Mexicans on both sides of this new made up border people of all classes. Rich merchants, farmer landowners, lower middle class workers, poor farmers, and landless ranchers made up this group that was now revolting. Nothing united them more than revenge. Yes, they rode into battle with this motto on their hat bands, free border people, lebres front Theriso. I like that me too,

13:02 and yeah. Among them was mostly Mexican and Mexican Americans, but also a few Italians that had married into Mexican families. Okay, well they are the white Latinos yeah, before Spaniards actually yeah, and now the Irish, well no, I think they're saying Irish. No, no, that's redheaded people. On TikTok they're saying red headed people are black. Yeah, I remember see that. Yeah, and what's the actress? Ao? Is? I? How say your name? She's Irish? Yeah? Yeah, yeah, you don't know. Just go to TikTok and look this up. Right, none of this makes sense unless you're on TikTok and the Army and Texas Ranger tactics to put down this rebellion were especially brutal. The US Army captain in charge of this effort, Captain John Gregory Burke, wrote the following about the situation. The cheapest thing to do is to shoot them down wherever they are found skulking about with arms in their hands, and to burn down some of the ranchos which gave them shelter. So killing the rebels was not enough. They also needed to devastate the surrounding community.

14:01 This is repeated even now. Yeah, this is this is what we're seeing in Gaza, yes, and what we saw during you know, all the wars that were backed by the US of the atrocities, And this is the state of relations between Anglos and Mexicans that has existed from the beginning. And like sure, you can say, oh, there was violence on both sides, but nothing compares to the violence enacted by the Anglo settlers and the Texas Rangers, like not even all the crazy Mexican bandits, like because so many people try to justify it that way, and I don't have a fuck more bandits. Actually actually what they needed was more bandits. But this existing relationships already there, right, this like violent, violent thing. Then you add in the increasing migration of Mexicans into Texas who were fleeing by the thousands because of the Mexican Revolution. This is what informed La Matanza this night. This a ten year period.

15:01 You know, Mexicans were arriving in great numbers to these areas and Anglos in the communities, which again they're not native toy they arrived before too, right, But so they arrived to these communities and they were scared because of all the Mexicans that were now arriving, all the brown people. They scared meo and they were like, oh, they're all abandoned. And these settlers requested military presents to protect them, and they called for newly arriving refugees to be segregated, and the police, the Texas Rangers, they were more than happy to do this. They made concentration camps for the refugees. In nineteen fourteen, four five hundred Mexicans were imprisoned at a camp in for Bliss, just outside of Albaso. For blisss what an evil place for Bliss. Fuck that place personally speaking, fuck that place, no for real, speaking as you that was me just channeling my interview yes, perfect, that was spot on. Those held at the camp included Mexican men, women, children, and former Mexican federal soldiers. By nineteen sixteen, one hundred thousand National Guard units were deployed between Yuma, Arizona, and Brownsville, Texas, where a lot of these refugees were arriving because they needed to be policed, they needed to be militarized. And this is the beginning of the militarization of the border. It wasn't all this heavily militarized place, oh my god. But this is where it kind of grew and where it became like very

16:32 okay to use state surveillance on all these brown Mexicans and arriving. Constitution camps not new to the US right, every new couple of episodes I learned about a new concentration camp. Truly terrific. Yes, But let me go back to Kingsville. On August eighth, nineteen fifteen, around sixty bandits raided the flag station at King's Ranch in Kingsville, and the response to this raid was extreme violent. The Texas Rangers led this retaliation. They killed any Mexican man they saw, and by the time they were done there was at least one hundred two dead Mexican men. Wow. Some estimate that from that date until June seventeenth, nineteen sixteen, over two hundred Mexicans were killed by the Texas Rangers. Wow, in a year. That's quite a bit, all without proper investigations.

17:24 They just did what they wanted. And this was also like this brutal retaliation where they went on doing this for a year. It was also caused by this thing called Plan de san Diego. Have you heard of it? No? Ban? The San Diego was drafted in January nineteen fifteen by revolutionaries whose goal was to create an independent republic for Mexicans and Thiicanos. So they were going to be free. Oh okay, I have heard of that? You have? Okay? Yeah, they were going to be free of Mexico and of the US. It was going to be its own republic. And this plan promised to return land to indigenous people land back. Wow. Book included calling for an upraising beginning in February nineteen fifteen, and that uprising was calling for the mass killing of every Anglo male over sixteen years old.

18:12 Over sixteen Yeah, oh okay, but this never actually happened. It was just a thought. It was a plan. That's it a plan, okay. And also it probably couldn't happen because of the attacks by the Texas Rangers, like to stop this thing. That was just a plan at the time. You know, I'm not defending it, okay, I'm just saying it was just a plan. But because of this plan, they went around killing an insane amount of Mexicans who they didn't even care to see if they were part of this revolution that made this plan. And the thing about that too, is that when you drive people to violence, this is the kind of stuff that they plan, you know what I mean. Yeah, it's like when we talk about back in the days of enslavement and rebellions against enslavers, and they kill like everybody on the plantation. Let's say, is that wrong, per se? No? Not really. You're talking about people that were subjucated, tortured, ripped apart from their families in the most brutal ways, you know, abused. Is it wrong that they stood up violently and killed in revenge. No?

19:15 I don't think so, Not to me, not to me, but some people. And if you disagree, I'm sorry that you're dumb. Not'm just kidding. I'm sorry to say that you're wrong, actually, but it is kind of like wishful, privileged thinking to believe that everything can be done in a peaceful manner. But the truth is that it took violence for a lot of thinks to happen. Right. It's like we say all the time, Yeah, our forty hour work week, which I think is too much. Actually that was one with violence. And it is the right of an oppressed group to fight, yeah, in whatever way they can against the oppressor. Yeah, and do sometimes should actually sometimes include violence, because you can't just like ask for it, right, they're not going to give it to you, right, Like we're talking about people who don't see you and don't value you. Oppressors, so don't see you as an equal person, don't see you as a person. Are they gonna listen to your politely asking no? No, And many times people try to do it the peaceful way. That's the first step, obviously, that is the first step. Nobody wants to go to war exactly, unless they're bloodthirsty colonizers, unless they're anglos. Yeah, yeah, so that plan Also, the planet San Diego justified to the Texas rangers, all the extra killing of Mexican people they were doing, but again they weren't never checking anything would have justified it. But yeah, yeah, they were gonna do it anyway. But that was another reason that nineteen fifteen specifically was extra violent. And all of this is taking place again between that time period La Matanza or

20:48 the Hour of Blood, from nineteen ten to nineteen twenty. But I want to go back for a second to what is not to be the first lynching, the marking of the beginning of La matanzak. And so that was nineteen ten, and Antonio Rodriguez is considered to be the first victim of La Matanta and almost nothing is known about him except that he was nineteen or twenty and he moved from Mexico to Rock Springs, Texas, searching for work. So on November second, nineteen ten, forty year old Efie Greer Henderson was found dead on her porch. She had been shot once in the back and once in the head. Her youngest child was found crying and trying to nurse from his dead mother. Oh that's terrible, very and Lemuel Henderson, Effie's husband, along with his nine year old son Tom Henderson found her, and they found a baby trying to nurse on her. Wow. And Lemuel Henderson rode two miles on horseback to the nearest ranch with the phone to call the police. And during this two mile ride a mob of family members, neighbors, and local officers set out looking for answers, but really looking for a Mexican to kill for violence. Yeah. Yes, because the only witness to the murder was their daughter, who said a dark Mexican man killed her mom. And I don't know how old a daughter was, but younger than nine, older than one in between those ages. Okay, Wow. And the next day Antonio Rodriguez was arrested and placed in the Edwards County Jail in the rock Springstown Square. By the afternoon, an angry mob of several hundreds and one thousand observers, so

22:20 one hundred mob participants and then one thousand observers had formed. Oh my god, this mob grabbed Antonio from his prison cell, marched him to the edge of town, where they tied him to a tree and set him on fire. This is just terrible because what if it wasn't him? Exactly, there was zero investigation. This is why we have a surely proper justice systems flawed, but we have a criminal justice system for a reason. You know, at least give people a chance for a trial, right, like mob violence, it's stupid. People and a mob are stupid. Yeah, I mean again, there's no proper process to figure out what actually happened. And so the news of the lynching spread like wildfire. Mexican officials condemned the lynching, obviously, and then the Anglos of Rock Springs feared retaliation by a Mexican mob and they were like, oh, bandits are heading for the town, which never happened. Hysteria, Yeah, just like now.

23:12 Mexican newspaper at the Bat wrote about the situation. The iron hoof of the Texas Yankee, in his barbarous and savage sentiments of race hatred, is now trampling upon the Negro. But the rottenness of his core has spread out so as to wound and kill a Mexican by the iniquitous method of lynching. There were mass protests in Mexico City and Guadalajara because Antonio Rodriguez was said to have left a wife and kids in Guadalajara. Oh wow, And they knew this because he was writing letters as he was going across and getting to Texas. If there's one thing that Mexico City will do is protests, followed by Guadalajaya. Yes, yes, both those places. And students in Mexico City passed out pamphlets that read, quote, barberous Mexico, they call our country.

24:01 They who applied the torch to the close of Rodriguez Barber's Mexico. They who defied and outraged the law, snatching it from a man whose life ought to have been sacred because it was under society's protection. Barbara's Mexico. They those organized assassins of defenseless strangers and oppressed negroes end quote. And these protests in Mexico were met with state violence. There's one thing the state will do is shut down protests even though they're right, you know. And this includes yeah, the Mexican state, you know, include all states. Yeah, but especially during this time period, because this is during the Portfydiato, yes, yeah, and dictator Porfirio Villas. It was very pro USA and that's one of the things people were volting against that he was just heading over parts of Mexico to US businesses. Yep, so not very unsurprising that this is how he met the protests. And you know, with the use of the military, and during these protests at least three protesters died in Mexico City. During protests in Guadalajara, the home of US Console member Luther Ellsworth was attacked, so they broke his windows.

25:13 He wasn't attacked, just his house. They broke his windows, and another American citizen, Carlos Cathoters cathothers Catheter, Well, it's c atot rs. I don't know, I don't know anyway, an Americans selling real estate in Mexico got here five anyway, This American man killed Jesus Losa and injured fourteen year old Prudencio Chavis during the protests. And so despite two Mexicans having been shot, one killed by an American citizen in Mexico during these protests, the US newspapers reported that Americans were in danger due to these anti American protests. Yet this man who the last name that sounds like catheter, yes, is the one who killed two Mexicans in Mexico, in Guadalajada somewhere he shouldn't even be selling. Really really say yes. Ridiculous, absolutely, and so more than two thousand Texan cowboys, including Texas Rangers, arrived to protect Rock Springs even though these quote Mexican attackers never arrived. I'm sorry. This is also reminded me of the Zutsu riots where people not people, but what sailors or marines, and I remember what the fuck they were.

26:26 That's gonna be another episode. Sailors. Navy sailors came from all over, not only where it happened, because they heard that Mexicans and zoot suits were fighting the Navy, the sailors when there wasn't even drew. Yeah, the Mexicans were being attacked. Yeah, and then they were arrested for it. Again, separate episode, but this is hundreds of years later, same old story. Oh my god. Precedented times, man, everything is precedented. Everything that has happened, how that has happened right now has happened before. Yeah, and Mexican officials requested reparations to the US State Department, but the US was claiming that Antonio Rodriguez was actually born in either Eagle Past Texas or New Mexico and wasn't actually Mexican. So now he's not Mexican. Now he's Texan, yes, but a bull show. Yeah, And so they reparations weren't due because he wasn't Mexican. Wow.

27:19 And upon insistence from Mexico and Mexicans in the US, the Edwards County District Court directed a jury to investigate the lynching of Antonio Rodriguez. But the juris did not indict any mob participants. Oh yes, all white jury. Oh yeah. And it should be mentioned that Lemuel Henderson, the husband of Effie Henderson who was found dead, who caused all this like lynching, right right? He was a retired Texas ranger, of course he was. Yeah. I understand being angry that you find your wife in this state. Of course, nobody wants that, but to cause a whole mob of hundreds to kill a man that probably he may have not had anything to do with that situation. Probably was not the one, could have been sure, but there was no evidence because there's no investigation. Hm. So you know, for all we know he wasn't the one that killed his wife.

28:17 You let your anger cause the brutal burning death of a man could have been innocent, right. Also, Lemuel Henderson remarried less than two years after his wife, Effie, had been murdered. Lemuel, you probably even love your wife. People back then they didn't marry for love. No. No. Also, his wife before Effie, she was fourteen. No, go on, she was young. But she wasn't fourteen. I'm just bullshitting young No, no, no, but she was young, that should be said, okay. Also, though his wife before her had died mysteriously, this is his second wife. Yes, wow, yeah, Effie Henderson was his second wife, right, right, right, And again the only witness was his own daughter. And from the beginning there were contradictions. First she said it was a random Mexican, then others said that it was a former employee of theirs who was mad, which honestly makes more sense because more likely than not, more than half the time women are killed or people ain't know right not strangers. Speaking on that, many believe Lemel Hunterson himself killed his wife, probably, and to get out of his shit, he blamed some Mexican, some poor innocent Mexican. He made up a story about a Mexican. But yeah, some believe it was him because he was known to be a by the man. Honestly, I'm gonna believe that version too, I was gonna say, bitch you. The only reason if it wasn't him who killed his wife, the only reason he was mad is because he wanted to be the one to kill her, right right. And today, if you go to Rock Springs, Texas, different people believe different things.

29:46 Oh my god, I thought you said there's gonna be a statue of it of Lemuel Henderson. So I was like, no, no, way, fucking way no. But if you go to Rock Springs, Texas, you will find different versions of the story. White town members who are descending of the people who were there when it happened. They believe that the lynching was just. Of course they do well Mexicans, Yes, while Mexicans still believe that it was unjust and that Antonio Rodriguez was innocent. Yeah, this like polarizes the town. His tomb says burned at the stake. But there are no other historical markers in Rock Springs, but there is one in Ladedo, Texas. Like miles and miles and miles away about the lynching, and corridos and campfire stories have kept Antonio's story alive. There's one version of the story that people so people would arrive to Rock Spring, Texas for work, and like you know, workers around the campfire would spread the story. And so they spread the story that Antonio was killed for showing interest in a white woman and as he was burning at the stake, he cursed the town. And the hurricane did hit the town years later. Oh wow, and the man who was the man who was said to have set the first match to burn Antonio at the stake died a horrible death during the hurricane. Like I couldn't find details, but apparently it was gruesome. Like I don't know exactly, Maybe he was like pay Old somewhere, I don't know. Mexicans who were there during the lynching believe that this was Antonio's curse, and honestly I kind of believe it too. And yeah, that was the first lynching

31:17 that marked the decade of La Matanza. Next episode, I'm going to be diving into one of the worst occurrences of violence. Oh there's more. Sorry, I'm so sorry. Fine, not hating it, but I was expecting only a three parter. No, I can't stop. This is better for me actually, because I have one set of notes on now I can start another set. Yes, So next episode, I'll be diving into one of the worst occurrences of violence during this ten year period, the massacre. M my god. Yeah yeah, And hopefully that will be the last part because I am so done, I am so dramatized. Well here you are at least verbally getting it out of your system.

32:01 That's true. That's true. And also I just want to shout out the book that was my main source for this part alone was the Injustice Never Leaves You because that focuses on Texas. But there's one book that I actually also need to read so I can use it also, But that was the main one, and I highly recommend anyone everyone to read it if you're more interested in this. Just you know, if be prepared to be mad. I'm going to borrow it formulator. Yeah, and I'll be done with this so you can totally borrow it. Anything else to add before we end the episode, I think the only thing I have to add. I mean, I've shared my thoughts throughout, so I won't go on another rant about colonialism and racism and whatever all of that, but I will say that if you are enjoying learning about this, for me, I think this history piece is one reason I like to read historical fiction, and so yeah, if you enjoy we already mentioned it. But if you're enjoying learning about this, hearing about this, then maybe and you're into vampires also, then maybe you would like vampires. Would note it because it's very much about this, not as much like lynchings, but Texas the Texas Rangers encroaching on Mexican territory, yes, warring against Mexicans for their lands, Mexicans fighting back while there's vampires around, yes, And also a little love story. Who doesn't love that? Yeah, I highly recommend that book. We already yapped about it on a spookatels that does take place during all this, so well a little bit before. But yeah, other than that, if you want to support us on Patreon, we do have

33:33 two tiers over there. One is just like extra support and you get a one time sticker. The other one is the ad free Well, they both include ad free episodes and then our bonus episodes where we yap about current events sometimes TikTok drama, mostly just current events that have a screaming. We scream into the void, which is each other, and yeah, we yap. Honestly, it's a good time. It is. It is if you want to be mad. If you want to be mad, it is a good time. Also, it helps us donate two things that we care about. Well, currently we've only donated to and water Drop Program, but they're in an organization doing important work helping migrants. Still have to find another one, but for now, that's what I've been donating to. Twenty percent of your Patreon fees goes to that and helps us make this podcast. And yeah, other than that, we hope that this was one less Estonia Unknown for you. Bye bye. Estoria's Unknown is produced by Carmen and Christina, researched by Carmen and Christina, edited by Christina. You can find sources for every episode at Estoria's Unknown dot com and in our show notes. Creating the podcast has a lot of work, so if you want to help us out financially, you can do so by supporting us on Patreon at patreon dot com. Slash You Studied as an own podcast