Sept. 18, 2025

The History of Border Patrol (part one)

The History of Border Patrol (part one)
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The organization known today as border patrol began in 1924. In this episode, Carmen tells Cristina about the history of border patrol. From the restrictive immigration laws that preceded it, it's creation, to its early years .

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Sources

https://aapihistorymuseum.org/what-did-these-anti-chinese-laws-and-rules-say/ 
Migra! A History of US Border Patrol by Kelly Lytte Hernandez https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Milton 
https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/50/3/602/152626/The-Spanish-Americans-of-New-Mexico-A-Heritage-of 
https://sourcenm.com/2024/09/24/what-does-hispanic-identity-mean-in-new-mexico/



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WEBVTT

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We're going to be reading some old acts and the

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word alien is in them, but we do not personally

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use this term, but it is part of the language

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of these laws. Hi. Everyone, this is Carmen and Christina

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and this is Estoria's Unknown, a podcast where we talk

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about Latin American history. Sometimes it's horrible and so tavy

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topics like racism, corruption, and genocide. But more than that,

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it's not about resistance, power and community. And Carmen, Christina,

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what are we talking about today? So I'm trying to

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open my sparkling water. Oh god knows, are like little

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grown out there? We do, good job? Okay, well, Christina,

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Today we are talking about the history of border patrol.

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And this is gonna be a series because there's a

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lot to this and you've taken so long. Yeah, well no,

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I have not why it's going to be a series,

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but yeah, that's that's like in addition to it being

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a series, I have taken so long. And when did

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I start reading this, It's like August. Yeah. Yeah. My

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main source is Kelly Little or Little her Nasis book

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titled Mira, a History of US Border Patrol. Her book

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is like obviously most books are organized in a specific way, structure, whatever.

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And so I'm kind of using the book also to

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outline my notes. Supplemental, simplemental, supplementing, Okay, yeah, supplementing. Why

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does that sound weird anyway here and there for whatever,

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you know, things that come across. But this first part

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it's basically how the border patrol came to be. But

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before we talk about the border patrol, we have to

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talk about the history of immigration law and restrictions in

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the US. So you have talked about a little bit

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before a little bit. Yeah, before I get into the

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history of immigration restriction and blah blah, I wanted to

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share a quote of Kelly and it kind of like

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it encompassed like what border patrol is or whatever. This

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quote to me, so quote border patrol literally embody the

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site of political disenfranchisement, economic inequity, and social suspicion within

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the United States. Like I don't know if that makes

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sense to you, but basic, I mean, the way I

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understood this is like border patrol presents all these things. Yes,

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thank you, thank you for that, because I needed the

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dumb bitch explanation for myself. So the border patrol was

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established after the passage of the Department of Labor Appropriations Act.

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And like I mentioned before, migration control in the US

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has been happening since the creation of the United States,

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since the gendercided a creation of the United States. I add, yes,

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So we've talked a little bit about these laws. I

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don't remember specifically which ones, but I know we have

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talked about some of them. If I if I recognize someone,

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but we said we talked about that one, I know

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we did, And yeah, I know we talked about it.

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I think in the well, we've done a lot of

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immigration yeah episodes, and that would probably be where we

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talked about them, right, right. So a series of anti

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immigration laws were passed in the US, beginning with the

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internal fields beginning, but at least for my purpose, it's

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beginning eighteen sixty two Act to Prohibit the COOLi Trade

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and culminating with the National Orange Just Act of nineteen

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twenty four. And then we should note that this word

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cooly is a derogatory slur against Chinese workers, so I

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won't be repeating it. Oh, I was like, what is that?

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I don't recognize that word, But okay, I looked up

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why it started, and I don't remember why. How that

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specifical word came to be. But it's a slur against

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Chinese workers. What's that act called? I just want to

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see how it's filmed. Coo l E. But it's the

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eighteen sixty two Act to Prohibit the Cooley Trade. Oh

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Kooley is a derogatory term used for low wage laborers,

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typically those of Indian or Chinese descent. It was first

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used in the sixteenth century European traders across Asia. I

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just don't know why that word. Oh, I just know

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what you was to slur, right, Okay, I see what

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you're saying. Yeah, oh okay. The term kooli is widely

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believed to have originated from the Tamil word cool, meaning

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higher or wages. Oh you know what, yes, now that

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you said that, I remember reading that. Yeah. And it

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was the during the British colonial rule that they started

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using this as a derogatory term. Yeah, okay. So this

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law masqueraded as an anti slavery law to protect supposedly

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protection Ese laborers from enforced labor, but in reality it

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pushed Chinese workers out by imposing a monthly acts on

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Chinese immigrants seeking to do business in California. Oh my, gosh,

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this sounds like the Anti Miners Act. It was like

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that basically, but specifically for Chinese laborers. And this law

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was later declared unconstitutional. When seeing the Washburn, what a surprise. Yep, shocker.

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Wait wait, year is this again? This is in the

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eighteen hundreds. Okay, and they like you. And this act

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was passed in eighteen sixty two. I didn't write down

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when it was declared uncon unconstitutional though, so okay, no,

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I was wondering when it was passed. So after this law,

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in eighteen seventy five, Congress passed a law prohibiting criminals

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and sex workers from legally entering the US, and they

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also extended the ban on contract workers from China. This

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one I think we talked about probably yeah in the

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Lagan matcha episodia. Then in eighteen eighty two, Congress passed

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a General Immigration Act that band all quote lunatics, idiots, convicts,

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those unliable to become public charges, and those suffering from

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contagious diseases quote. And then this law also expanded the

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restrictions on Chinese migrants by banning all Chinese laborers, not

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just contract workers. So the other one was the eight

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contract to one was, yeah, contract workers specifically, and these

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were all workers. What year eighteen seventy five, right, okay, yeah,

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well okay, this was eighteen eighty two. Eighteen seventy five.

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One was prohibiting criminals and sex workers from literally entering

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the US. Yes. Yeah. And then besides these national laws,

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there was also a series of state specific anti Chinese

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laws passed in states like California. Just to give one example,

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in eighteen seventy, San Francisco passed the law requiring every

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lodging house to be no less than five hundred cubic

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feet of aerospace for each larger and this targeted China

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because they tended to be more crowded. And then also

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in eighteen eighty two, Congress introduced a fifty cent tax

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on each person entering the US to fund the bureaucracy

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of their growing migration control. In eighteen eighty five, Congress

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prohibited the import of any contract labor, not just Chinese

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contract labors, into the US. In eighteen ninety one, Congress

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banned polygamists to the list of banned persons in the

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United States, and they authorized the deportation of any person

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who unlawfully entered the United States. So I guess deportations

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were not a thing before that. I don't know, right,

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I wonder what they did then. In nineteen oh three,

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Congress added people with epilepsy, anarchists, and beggars to the

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list of banned people. Okay, very uGenius of them. Yes, yeah,

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they The Immigration Act of this year also allowed for

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the deportation of anyone who became a public charge within

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two years of arriving to the United States. Okay, anyone

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arrested with an entry. I think a public charge is

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also anyone who is using who becomes like dependent on Oh,

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I don't know that. That's what I mean. That's what

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public charge means. Now, Oh, I don't know that either. Okay, Yeah,

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you still can't become a public charge if you are

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going through the process of becoming a resident or things

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like that. Okay, so this is when you use like

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government aid. Yeah. Oh, but I thought it was kind

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of government aid existed back then. That's why I'm not

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sure if it's the same thing, or if it just

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means if you can't work for yourself or on your own.

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I'm not sure exactly the meaning of public charge in

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this sense, right, right, because if it was about criminal

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or becoming going to job, they would say criminal anyone

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who writes you know what I mean. Yeah, And the

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restrictions abandoned. Taxes just increased from there. By nineteen seventeen,

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the tax for entry in the United States was eight dollars.

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All eligible immigrants bes a literacy test, and the scope

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of deportation was brought into five years, and all entry

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into the United States outside of an official part of

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entry was banned. But that wasn't enough, Okay, I mean

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it already sounds like a lot. That wasn't enough. It

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wasn't enough for the eugenists, xenophobes, and nativists, but really

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like racists, right right, right. But they are referred to

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as navists nativists, you know, in the book, So that's

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what I'm gonna call them. And who is a nativist.

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They're the people that wanted the United States to be

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native to Europeans. That's crazy, crazy things to say. They

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are not native Americans, if that's what you're asking, Okay, yeah, yeah,

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they're people who famously are not native to the United

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States wild and yeah. So that wasn't enough for them,

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and they kept pushing for more restrictive laws, specifically for

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anyone that was not from the northwestern areas of Europe

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of course. Yeah, and eventually the National Origins Act was passed.

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Oh and way, or is this I'm scrolling down? That

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was in nineteen twenty four though law in nineteen twenty four, Yeah, okay.

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The National Origins Act introduced a nationality based quota system

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that limited the number of immigrants allowed into the US

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every year. The quota system gave Germany, Britain, and Northern

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Ireland sixty percent of all available Thoughts, wow, I'm sorry

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that that kind of sounds like DEI wow, because that's crazy. Yeah,

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a little bit codify the DEI mm hmm. The Act

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also reconfirmed the complete Asian exclusion from the United States,

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and I favored Europeans so heavily that historian John Higgham

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described the Act as a quote Nordic victory. That sounds

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like DEI for the Nordics. Yeah, okay. While many wanted

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all non white nationalities excluded from entry to the United States,

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there was one group who was in favor of exempting

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Mexicans from these exclusions and quotas. Who Southwestern agricultural businessman

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South Western agricultural businessman. Yes, oh, because they depended on

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Mexican labor, right right. I had to like think about it,

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and I'm like, no, of course they didn't want this. This

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reminds me of when uh, Texas landowners got in a

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firefight with border patrol over their Mexican workers. But it

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wasn't like to defend American rights. It was because they

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didn't want their workers picked up until it was convenient

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for them. I think that is mentioned in this book

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later on. Oh, okay, of course it is or was

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it Texas Ranger. It might have been Texas Rangers and

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Board Patrol. It's probably the Texas Ranger and Border Patrol,

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yeah together, and if a preceder Border patrol, it was

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the Texas Rangers. Yeah, because they became a lot of

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them went in the same or whatever. Yeah. After the

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National Origins Act passed, there were Congressional hearings about the

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National Origins Act in which nativists and agricultural businessmen debated

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whether quotas should be added to the Act to limit

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Mexican immigration. So they were arguing about this, like should

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Mexicans be restricted, Mexican immigration be restricted or not. One

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congressman complained, quote, what is the use of closing the

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front door to keep out undesirables from Europe when you

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permit Mexicans to come in here by the back door,

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by the thousands and thousands, bitch the back shut up

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my quote. Stop fuck up. Nativists argued that Mexico was

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a nation of mongrels, that Mexicans were in assimilable racial inferiors,

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and that unrestricted Mexican what the fuck I'm sorry finished

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that quote. I couldn't that this quote was coming, and

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that unrestricted Mexican immigration were threatened the goals of the

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National origin to act so just basically to make the

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US a Northwestern European white country. I mean, if they

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wanted a Northwestern they should have been because they should

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have stayed in northwestern Europe or whatever. The fuck. Yeah,

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we're gonna have more quotes like this, by the way,

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especially because, like you know, if you think way way

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back to pre colonization time periods, the continent we know

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as North America now was used to going back and forth.

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There was so much cultural exchange between indigenous groups that

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are now and what is considered the US and what

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is considered Mexico. There was exchange. That's why a lot

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of the foods are so similar. A lot of like

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so it insane to have like two No, I can't

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even go into this. Like yeah, that quote shook me,

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so warn me next time. There's more quotes like that. Okay, yeah, yeah.

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Congressman John C. Box from Texas said, quote, the continuance

218
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of a desirable character of citizenship is the fundamental purpose

219
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of our immigration laws. Incendental to this are the avoidance

220
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of social and racial problems, the upholding of American standards

221
00:14:25.960 --> 00:14:29.879
of wages and living, and the maintenance of order. All

222
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of these purposes will be violated by increasing the Mexican

223
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population of the country. And quote the native is warned.

224
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Quote our great Southwest, it's not yours, bitch, right, what

225
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I mean? What do you mean? Our our great Southwest

226
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is rapidly creating for itself a new racial problem, as

227
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our old South did when it imported slave labor from Africa.

228
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And what kind of fucking shit is this to say?

229
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Oh my god, while the agricultural businessmen wanted unrestricted Mexican

230
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immigration for their own benefit, they put them. Yes, they were,

231
00:15:07.159 --> 00:15:09.879
of course as racists. As a nativist, and they did

232
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express concerns that Mexican immigration would pose a threat to

233
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the quote American way of life. But still the agricultural

234
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businessmen argued that without Mexican labor, the whole industry would

235
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fall apart. Yeah, And the agri businessmen argued that they

236
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could control the Mexican population, so you know, there's nothing

237
00:15:30.159 --> 00:15:32.919
to worry about. Oh, because they're so dumb, they can

238
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be easily controlled, that's what they're saying. Yeah. One agricultural

239
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businessman said the following quote, if we could not control

240
00:15:41.039 --> 00:15:43.960
the Mexicans and they would take this country, it would

241
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be better to keep them out. But we can and

242
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do control them. And sadly they did because they had

243
00:15:49.960 --> 00:15:54.720
all the power, of course. Yeah. Yeah. The agricultural businessmen

244
00:15:54.799 --> 00:15:58.679
owned the land, They exploited Mexicans for the labor, and

245
00:15:58.960 --> 00:16:03.799
the Southwest socially segregated. Mexicans were repressed in all the

246
00:16:03.799 --> 00:16:09.639
ways they faced violence, were economically exploited, and so in

247
00:16:09.679 --> 00:16:12.519
the end, the agricultural business meant they got their way.

248
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There was no quotas placed on Mexican immigration at this point.

249
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The legislators who were drafting the National Origins Act knew

250
00:16:23.279 --> 00:16:25.919
that without enforcement, all of the restrictions they placed on

251
00:16:25.960 --> 00:16:29.600
immigration would mean nothing. So three days after passing the Act,

252
00:16:29.960 --> 00:16:34.440
Congress established the Border Patrol within the Immigration Borough Bureau,

253
00:16:35.559 --> 00:16:38.600
within the Immigration Bureau of the Department of Labor. So

254
00:16:38.919 --> 00:16:41.480
what year is this. This was in nineteen twenty four.

255
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Still in nineteen twenty four? Is now the creation of borders? Yeah,

256
00:16:45.480 --> 00:16:48.679
so the National Origins Act passed and then the enforcement

257
00:16:48.720 --> 00:16:52.399
aspect of the act. Three days there is Border Patrol

258
00:16:53.759 --> 00:16:57.120
and they are at this point under the Department of Labor.

259
00:16:58.120 --> 00:17:00.480
One million dollars was set aside for the of the

260
00:17:00.480 --> 00:17:05.440
Border Patrol. That's chump change now, baby. Yeah. They they

261
00:17:05.440 --> 00:17:08.039
had a small budget and stayed like that for a

262
00:17:08.079 --> 00:17:13.279
few years. H One major reason that the Border Patrol

263
00:17:13.359 --> 00:17:17.319
had difficulty expanding and getting more money was because Southerners

264
00:17:17.359 --> 00:17:20.720
were opposed to federal intervention when it came to anything

265
00:17:20.720 --> 00:17:25.400
having to do with the race. And one of the

266
00:17:25.400 --> 00:17:29.319
main reasons they didn't want any federal intervention was because

267
00:17:29.359 --> 00:17:33.680
black Southerners were protesting lunching during this time, and they're like,

268
00:17:34.720 --> 00:17:37.599
we don't want any federal intervention. We can't have them

269
00:17:37.640 --> 00:17:41.000
come sniffing around here. Yeah, we don't want. Yeah, exactly that.

270
00:17:41.640 --> 00:17:44.640
And another issue for Border Patrol was that at the beginning,

271
00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:49.240
their directive directives were too broad and they had no

272
00:17:49.359 --> 00:17:54.119
actual authority as law enforcement in addition to their limited funds.

273
00:17:55.359 --> 00:17:58.359
But despite all of that, they were on duty at

274
00:17:58.400 --> 00:18:01.359
both the Mexican and Canadian board by July first, nineteen

275
00:18:01.400 --> 00:18:06.880
twenty four. The Canadian borderm surprise interesting huh yeah, and

276
00:18:08.880 --> 00:18:13.039
having no actual legal authority put Board patrol in a

277
00:18:13.079 --> 00:18:16.240
predicament because the officers would be guilty of assault if

278
00:18:16.240 --> 00:18:20.880
they used any amount of physical coersion to prevent a

279
00:18:21.119 --> 00:18:25.319
violation of reagion law. So they really couldn't do anything. Wow,

280
00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:27.440
I imagine if they have to stay that way. It's

281
00:18:27.640 --> 00:18:34.039
literally my next sentence. I think they got their shit together. Unfortunately, unfortunately,

282
00:18:35.240 --> 00:18:40.160
in December nineteen twenty four, Border patrol officers finally got uniforms.

283
00:18:40.279 --> 00:18:44.519
They were just walking around on they were street closes before. Okay,

284
00:18:44.599 --> 00:18:48.680
kind of like Ice is doing today. What what years

285
00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:51.359
this nineteen fifty four? Twenty four? This is still nineteen

286
00:18:51.359 --> 00:18:53.480
twenty four? Oh should I jumped tway too? Four? I

287
00:18:53.480 --> 00:18:55.440
was like no, because the operation went back is nineteen

288
00:18:55.440 --> 00:18:59.160
fifty is yeah? Okay, nineteen twenty four, they got uniforms. Yeah,

289
00:18:59.160 --> 00:19:02.880
we're in the very incept Naster uniforms, and we're going

290
00:19:02.960 --> 00:19:04.880
to be the nineteen twenties and thirties for a while. Actually,

291
00:19:04.880 --> 00:19:06.359
don't even ta We're going to get into the thirties.

292
00:19:06.519 --> 00:19:10.880
And this part fascinating. I love adep dive. So yeah,

293
00:19:10.920 --> 00:19:16.039
they got their uniforms two months after in December, sorry

294
00:19:16.079 --> 00:19:18.680
in December, and then two months after that, in February

295
00:19:19.200 --> 00:19:22.400
nineteen twenty five, they were vested with authoritative powers to

296
00:19:22.480 --> 00:19:25.599
enforce the US immigration laws. Okay, And that was with

297
00:19:25.680 --> 00:19:29.480
the passage of the nineteen twenty five Act and also

298
00:19:29.519 --> 00:19:32.839
the Supreme Court decision in the case of Leu Moy v.

299
00:19:33.079 --> 00:19:37.279
United States. According to the Act of February twenty seventh,

300
00:19:37.440 --> 00:19:40.960
nineteen twenty five, a border patrol officer was authorized to

301
00:19:41.039 --> 00:19:44.759
arrest any alien who, in his presence or view, is

302
00:19:44.960 --> 00:19:48.039
entering or attempting to enter the United States in violation

303
00:19:48.119 --> 00:19:51.680
of any law or regulation made in pursuance of law

304
00:19:51.920 --> 00:19:56.000
regulating the admission of quote aliens, and to take such

305
00:19:56.119 --> 00:20:01.519
alien immediately for examination before an immigrant inspect or other

306
00:20:01.720 --> 00:20:05.240
official having authority to exact I'm trying to say an aliens.

307
00:20:05.680 --> 00:20:09.519
I'm gonna say immigrants, but just know they use aliens here,

308
00:20:10.720 --> 00:20:13.960
and to take such alien immediately for examination before an

309
00:20:13.960 --> 00:20:19.119
immigrant inspector or other official having authority to examine aliens

310
00:20:19.240 --> 00:20:22.440
as to the rights to admission to the United States.

311
00:20:23.119 --> 00:20:28.240
There's a lot of aliens. It's physically like, physically say

312
00:20:28.240 --> 00:20:31.480
that thing. I know people cannot be aliens. Stopping And

313
00:20:31.559 --> 00:20:33.839
how come they can say immigrant inspector. They don't say

314
00:20:33.880 --> 00:20:38.960
alien inspector, do they? I mean? Interesting? Okay. The Act

315
00:20:39.039 --> 00:20:42.400
also authorized for patrol officers to board and search for

316
00:20:43.240 --> 00:20:46.839
quote aliens on any vessel within the territorial waters of

317
00:20:46.839 --> 00:20:50.440
the United States railway cars, conveyance, or vehicle in which

318
00:20:50.480 --> 00:20:54.759
he believes immigrants are being brought into the United States,

319
00:20:55.519 --> 00:20:58.640
and such employees shall have power to execute any warrant

320
00:20:58.880 --> 00:21:02.079
or other process is by any officer under any law

321
00:21:02.200 --> 00:21:08.000
regulate regulating admission, exclusion, or expose explosion of immigrants. And

322
00:21:08.039 --> 00:21:11.400
they did use aliens, and just was started of seeing it, okay.

323
00:21:12.480 --> 00:21:15.519
And the Lumoy Supreme Court decision determined that an alien

324
00:21:15.640 --> 00:21:17.680
is in the act of entry in the United States

325
00:21:17.799 --> 00:21:22.039
until he reaches his interior destination. So together, the Act

326
00:21:22.119 --> 00:21:25.559
and decision gave border patrol the power to interrogate, detain,

327
00:21:25.640 --> 00:21:28.200
and arrest any person they believe to be engaged in

328
00:21:28.200 --> 00:21:31.759
the act of legal entry, a valilation of US immigration

329
00:21:31.880 --> 00:21:35.519
law that extended from the moment on authorized immigrants cross

330
00:21:35.559 --> 00:21:38.240
the border until they reached wherever they were going. So

331
00:21:38.319 --> 00:21:42.039
basically they could get them wherever they wanted. Oh I see, okay.

332
00:21:42.079 --> 00:21:44.240
Basically that's what it means, because they could just say,

333
00:21:44.240 --> 00:21:48.319
you're lying about your destination, you know I because I say, well,

334
00:21:48.359 --> 00:21:50.559
if they get to their destination, then they're fine. But

335
00:21:50.640 --> 00:21:52.680
I guess they could just change that. They can just

336
00:21:52.720 --> 00:21:54.559
saying well, you're headed to say over there, so we

337
00:21:54.559 --> 00:22:00.000
can deport you. Yeah, okay, Meaning border patrol officers could

338
00:22:00.119 --> 00:22:04.119
chase quote unsanctioned. That's how Kelly again we're on a

339
00:22:04.119 --> 00:22:09.680
first name basis, that's how Kelly describes immigrants to enter

340
00:22:10.559 --> 00:22:15.319
the United States without quote permission, unsanctioned, unsanctioned. Yeah okay.

341
00:22:15.519 --> 00:22:19.359
So this meant that border patrol officers could chase unsanctioned immigrants,

342
00:22:19.440 --> 00:22:22.920
search vessels beyond the border without warrant, arrest those they

343
00:22:22.920 --> 00:22:27.440
suspected of engaging in the active unlawful entry, and so

344
00:22:28.039 --> 00:22:30.680
the US Board Patrol in this way, you know, became

345
00:22:31.359 --> 00:22:35.000
the law enforcement wing of the US Immigration Service. Okay,

346
00:22:35.200 --> 00:22:42.079
that's a lot of power. Yeah and yeah, that was

347
00:22:42.119 --> 00:22:44.400
a bit of the legal aspects of how border Patrol

348
00:22:45.160 --> 00:22:50.079
became established. And let's now talk about the man and

349
00:22:50.359 --> 00:22:54.440
organization of the early border patrol. Okay, many of the

350
00:22:54.440 --> 00:22:56.960
men who first joined the Border Patrol were already working

351
00:22:57.039 --> 00:23:00.559
in the Immigration Service as mounted Chinese inspects in the

352
00:23:00.720 --> 00:23:04.680
Chinese Division. Yes, there was a Chinese division. I was

353
00:23:04.680 --> 00:23:09.079
about to say there was a Chinese division, like a

354
00:23:09.319 --> 00:23:15.079
division dedicated to Chinese hunting. Okay, oh my god, so disgusting,

355
00:23:16.359 --> 00:23:20.200
bleak very I didn't know that, Like I knew there

356
00:23:20.279 --> 00:23:23.119
was Chinese exclusian laws, but I didn't know there was like,

357
00:23:23.519 --> 00:23:25.759
you know, they were hunting them down, Like I didn't

358
00:23:25.759 --> 00:23:29.680
know that. Yeah. I thought we were the only hunted ones.

359
00:23:29.799 --> 00:23:34.640
You know, we're all being hunted. And that's true now

360
00:23:34.759 --> 00:23:40.240
more than ever. Yeah. So many of the men worked

361
00:23:40.319 --> 00:23:44.680
as mounted Chinese inspectors or as Texas Rangers, or there

362
00:23:44.720 --> 00:23:49.240
were low income working in farms, but notably we're not landowners.

363
00:23:50.079 --> 00:23:52.799
And they also worked in other areas like construction and

364
00:23:52.839 --> 00:23:56.200
so on, working class basically. And then I rode a

365
00:23:56.240 --> 00:23:59.480
little blurb about the Mounted Chinese Inspectors because I was

366
00:24:00.279 --> 00:24:03.279
interested in learning a little bit more about them. So

367
00:24:03.519 --> 00:24:07.319
the Boundary Chinese Inspectors were established to enforce the Chinese

368
00:24:07.400 --> 00:24:11.319
Exclusion Act along the Mexican and Canadian borders, and they

369
00:24:11.519 --> 00:24:16.599
monitored the border towns to apprehend undocumented Chinese immigrants. Wow,

370
00:24:17.039 --> 00:24:19.920
that's all I wrote. I'm sure there's more, right, Yeah.

371
00:24:20.480 --> 00:24:23.319
And one of these men was Clifford Allen Perkins, who

372
00:24:23.359 --> 00:24:27.079
started his government work as a post office worker. Clifford

373
00:24:27.160 --> 00:24:35.400
Allen Perkins Perkins, Oh no, and Perkins, I didn't watching and yeah.

374
00:24:35.400 --> 00:24:37.519
So he started his government work as a post office

375
00:24:37.519 --> 00:24:40.920
worker and eventually worked as a mounted Chinese inspector and

376
00:24:41.039 --> 00:24:44.359
rose up the ranks to inspector in charge. And so

377
00:24:44.440 --> 00:24:47.319
when the Border Patrol was created, he became the chief

378
00:24:47.359 --> 00:24:52.000
of the Border Patrol under the Immigration Service. Okay, And

379
00:24:52.039 --> 00:24:54.720
one of the first things that Clifford did was divide

380
00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:01.880
the US Mexico border jurisdiction into three patrol districts. So

381
00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:05.400
he divided up the jurisdiction of Border Patrol. Who would

382
00:25:05.519 --> 00:25:11.799
be in charge of what area. Yeah. So this division,

383
00:25:12.160 --> 00:25:16.960
along with the lack of definitive directives, led to the

384
00:25:17.039 --> 00:25:24.000
three districts developing their own versions of border patrol like basically, yeah,

385
00:25:24.039 --> 00:25:29.799
so the offices became highly localized, regionalized, locally controlled, and

386
00:25:29.920 --> 00:25:33.359
vary from region to region. That doesn't sound good. Yeah.

387
00:25:33.880 --> 00:25:37.960
The Los Angeles Border Patrol District went from the Pacific

388
00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:42.440
Ocean to about fifty miles east of Yuma, Arizona, and

389
00:25:42.759 --> 00:25:48.000
extended northward in California to San Luis Obispo. And then

390
00:25:48.240 --> 00:25:52.759
the El Paso Border Patrol started where the La District

391
00:25:53.039 --> 00:25:57.440
ended and extended to Devils River, Texas. And the San

392
00:25:57.440 --> 00:26:00.559
Antonio Border Patrol District went from the Devil's to the

393
00:26:00.599 --> 00:26:06.480
Gulf of Mexico in Brownswell, Texas. Of course Texas needed too,

394
00:26:06.920 --> 00:26:12.559
and these these districts were then divided into subdistricts. Even

395
00:26:12.559 --> 00:26:15.920
though they were all, you know, highly localized and regionalized,

396
00:26:15.960 --> 00:26:17.960
they all had one thing in common, which was a

397
00:26:18.039 --> 00:26:22.720
lack of training. This sounds like a recipe for disaster

398
00:26:23.200 --> 00:26:30.720
and violence. There you go, violence ding ding ding. Wow. Yeah,

399
00:26:32.319 --> 00:26:37.839
and I'm not surprised. Edwin Reeves, an early border patrol officer,

400
00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:41.119
said that all he receives from his training was a

401
00:26:41.240 --> 00:26:45.039
zero point thoty five single action revolver and they with

402
00:26:45.160 --> 00:26:48.279
the web belt and that was it. Wow, just a gun.

403
00:26:48.319 --> 00:26:52.720
Here you go. And also in common among all these

404
00:26:52.759 --> 00:26:58.640
early border patrol officers, they're racism and zenophobia obviously, so

405
00:26:58.799 --> 00:27:00.920
they are racisms, you know, fabe and lack of training.

406
00:27:00.960 --> 00:27:08.359
Really just put a web them together. Fascinating, fantastic. One

407
00:27:08.400 --> 00:27:13.039
of these early border patrol officers was Jefferson Davis Milton,

408
00:27:13.559 --> 00:27:15.920
and he came to be known as the father of

409
00:27:16.000 --> 00:27:23.160
Border patrol, but a disgusting thing known yeah real. Jefferson

410
00:27:23.240 --> 00:27:26.559
was born on November seventh, eighteen sixty one, during the

411
00:27:26.640 --> 00:27:30.200
early months of the Civil War, to a large enslaver family.

412
00:27:31.799 --> 00:27:35.680
Of course, he was named after one of his father's besties,

413
00:27:35.880 --> 00:27:42.079
the president of the Southern Confederacy Okay yep, and his father,

414
00:27:42.240 --> 00:27:44.920
John Milton, was the governor of Florida. But towards the

415
00:27:45.039 --> 00:27:47.839
end of the Civil War, when Jefferson was just a

416
00:27:47.839 --> 00:27:52.920
young child, he died from a self inflicted gunshot, and

417
00:27:53.039 --> 00:27:56.160
some said John ended his life because of the Confederacy

418
00:27:56.279 --> 00:27:58.480
losing the war, while others said it was due to

419
00:27:58.519 --> 00:28:05.759
a hunting accident. Oh so, who knows. Right after the war,

420
00:28:05.920 --> 00:28:08.720
the family lost their free and labor and were forced

421
00:28:08.720 --> 00:28:14.880
to work to fuel themselves. Oh no, losers, and teenage

422
00:28:14.920 --> 00:28:17.440
Jefferson didn't like that, so at eighteen he went west

423
00:28:18.240 --> 00:28:20.759
to Texas. I'm not working in these films. I'm too

424
00:28:20.839 --> 00:28:25.880
good for this. And he went to Texas where he

425
00:28:25.960 --> 00:28:29.359
promptly joined the Texas Rangers for a few years. Okay,

426
00:28:29.400 --> 00:28:32.839
of course. He then moved to New Mexico, where he

427
00:28:32.880 --> 00:28:35.640
worked as a sheriff and a peace officer before joining

428
00:28:36.519 --> 00:28:41.759
quote the hunt for Victorio and Geronimo and elicted the

429
00:28:41.880 --> 00:28:46.279
armed forces to find the Indian Wars. Okay, okay, wow,

430
00:28:46.519 --> 00:28:50.400
Like this man's entire existence is looking for non white

431
00:28:50.400 --> 00:28:55.799
people to hunt and kill. Yeah. Basically, he made his

432
00:28:55.839 --> 00:28:58.960
way through the Southwest, working different jobs again, like I said,

433
00:28:59.039 --> 00:29:05.920
usually in law enforcement before joining them Migration Service, which

434
00:29:05.920 --> 00:29:09.440
again was then under the Labor department. Oh wow. A

435
00:29:09.480 --> 00:29:12.799
tradition of violence. Truly, truly, And he was sixty three

436
00:29:12.960 --> 00:29:15.599
at this point when he joined the Border Patrol. What

437
00:29:15.759 --> 00:29:19.920
the grit hire, old man, there's no retirement during this time.

438
00:29:20.319 --> 00:29:22.319
Now he got to work. He was from a working

439
00:29:22.319 --> 00:29:25.480
class background because his family lost all their money during

440
00:29:25.519 --> 00:29:28.559
the Civil War, rightfully so, and then they didn't have

441
00:29:28.599 --> 00:29:32.079
their free labor force to live off of, and so

442
00:29:32.559 --> 00:29:36.640
he became working class. He had to work, okay, And

443
00:29:36.680 --> 00:29:39.039
so he was sixty three, a sixt three year old

444
00:29:39.079 --> 00:29:41.519
border patrol agent. Yeah, And there was a lot of

445
00:29:41.559 --> 00:29:47.359
myth making yeah around border patrol and early border patrol officers,

446
00:29:47.720 --> 00:29:53.839
and so legends arose during Jefferson's long career, and he

447
00:29:53.920 --> 00:29:56.680
was known as a lone ranger type person. But really

448
00:29:56.720 --> 00:29:59.079
he just needed a job. He was sixty three and

449
00:29:59.240 --> 00:30:01.680
he needed isn't that dad, sixty three having to work

450
00:30:01.720 --> 00:30:05.119
as a border patrol Yeah. I think they were proud

451
00:30:05.160 --> 00:30:07.960
of it, I guess, but I think it's done. Yeah yeah.

452
00:30:08.680 --> 00:30:11.480
And so yeah, with his smith making, it was often

453
00:30:11.559 --> 00:30:16.240
said that his pursuits would be his last. Like people

454
00:30:16.279 --> 00:30:19.160
would be like, you know, like, oh, there he goes

455
00:30:19.200 --> 00:30:20.960
off again to pursue someone. He might not come back

456
00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:23.079
this time. Oh you know, things like that. I mean,

457
00:30:23.160 --> 00:30:25.839
at sixty three, I would not expect him to come back.

458
00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:28.680
But yeah, I guess he kept coming back. He just

459
00:30:28.920 --> 00:30:31.279
loved hunting down brown people so much that he kept

460
00:30:31.319 --> 00:30:35.200
coming back. But then Jefferson would send a telegraph from

461
00:30:35.519 --> 00:30:38.720
whatever remote location he was at, saying, send two coffins

462
00:30:38.759 --> 00:30:42.599
and a doctor. I'm rolling my eyes. It was said

463
00:30:42.599 --> 00:30:45.680
that Jefferson always returned from his pursuits alive, while his

464
00:30:45.759 --> 00:30:53.079
opponents didn't. Oh real, uh gunslinger, mm hmm yeah. And

465
00:30:53.119 --> 00:30:56.880
he was often called a one man border patrol throwing up.

466
00:30:58.480 --> 00:31:03.559
So this man who grew up owning enslaves, he owned people.

467
00:31:03.559 --> 00:31:05.720
That that's a disgusting thing to even say, you know,

468
00:31:05.759 --> 00:31:09.480
and laborer became an old ass fuck border patrol agent

469
00:31:09.559 --> 00:31:13.559
who loved killing people. No, let me see my thing. Sorry,

470
00:31:13.799 --> 00:31:16.200
this sense labor of black people who hunted the Native

471
00:31:16.240 --> 00:31:19.480
Americans in the name of war, who went after Chinese immigrants,

472
00:31:20.160 --> 00:31:24.839
often killed the migrants and bandits quote bandits right, because

473
00:31:24.880 --> 00:31:27.400
migrants were always labeled as bandits even when they were

474
00:31:27.440 --> 00:31:33.000
not right. He often killed the people he was pursuing,

475
00:31:33.240 --> 00:31:36.319
and he was celebrated by generations of border patrol agents.

476
00:31:36.680 --> 00:31:41.039
So life said, a history of violence. Traditions. Oh that's

477
00:31:41.039 --> 00:31:43.759
what we said, a tradition of violence. It sounds more

478
00:31:43.960 --> 00:31:48.839
the implication is worse and it's tradition. Yeah, yeah, it's worse. No, Yeah,

479
00:31:48.920 --> 00:31:50.599
then that's what I was saying in my head, but

480
00:31:50.640 --> 00:31:53.319
I didn't say it out loud, Okay, But yeah, it's

481
00:31:53.319 --> 00:31:57.200
about it's that tradition of violence that is celebrated by

482
00:31:57.240 --> 00:32:01.559
a border patrol. This legend of Jefferson as a loner

483
00:32:01.680 --> 00:32:05.160
and a social nomad contributed to the myth making of

484
00:32:05.279 --> 00:32:08.480
the board Patrol, whose origin is often painted as a

485
00:32:08.559 --> 00:32:12.839
quote hardy band of border law enforcement officers. In reality,

486
00:32:13.440 --> 00:32:18.720
they were just working classmen who needed jobs. Yeah, and

487
00:32:18.759 --> 00:32:21.440
what better job? And to hunt down brown people that

488
00:32:21.519 --> 00:32:24.519
they get to kill and then they celebrate it like

489
00:32:24.640 --> 00:32:26.319
of course, that was the perfect job for them. This

490
00:32:26.440 --> 00:32:28.920
reminds me of a video I mentioned a few episodes back.

491
00:32:28.960 --> 00:32:31.720
I remember when, and even could have been during one

492
00:32:31.720 --> 00:32:34.880
of our feature in episodes that I remember, but I

493
00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.200
mentioned a TikTok. I saw someone who explained it much

494
00:32:39.240 --> 00:32:40.960
better than me, because it's only what I remember now

495
00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:42.920
off the top of my head. But they talked about

496
00:32:42.920 --> 00:32:47.240
how law enforcement and the police basically serves as a

497
00:32:47.720 --> 00:32:53.759
job filler for underemployed, uneducated men. Yeah yeah, yeah, and

498
00:32:53.799 --> 00:32:56.960
this you know that goes way back to these times

499
00:32:57.759 --> 00:33:02.039
eighteen hundreds. Yeah, I guess we're in nineteen five now,

500
00:33:02.039 --> 00:33:07.240
but still right right, there was barely any requirements, but

501
00:33:07.440 --> 00:33:09.680
because of the high turn of our rate, this led

502
00:33:09.720 --> 00:33:13.799
to lowering the requirements for hirings even more, which benefited

503
00:33:13.839 --> 00:33:17.920
the unemployed, working class white men from the border lands. Yeah,

504
00:33:18.880 --> 00:33:23.680
and one of these men was Doggy right. What Doggy right?

505
00:33:24.759 --> 00:33:31.039
His name is dog It's dog I E wow? Okay

506
00:33:31.319 --> 00:33:35.400
dog or Doggy? Do you think it's dog? I don't know.

507
00:33:35.480 --> 00:33:38.319
I never heard of that before. What a wild name?

508
00:33:39.279 --> 00:33:42.799
I don't know. And I didn't even say quote doggie

509
00:33:42.880 --> 00:33:45.160
or anything. It just said like that was his name.

510
00:33:45.440 --> 00:33:50.519
So I'm assuming God give a name. Wow, No wonder

511
00:33:50.599 --> 00:33:53.759
he joined Borbitual with that name. And I'm just saying so. Yeah,

512
00:33:53.839 --> 00:33:57.319
Doggy right worked on off as a Texas ranger for

513
00:33:57.440 --> 00:34:00.480
brief periods, and he also worked selling gets in a

514
00:34:00.519 --> 00:34:03.440
movie theater, as a clerk, a chauffeur, and in construction

515
00:34:04.279 --> 00:34:09.280
before joining the Border Patrol. Wow. And others worked similar

516
00:34:09.599 --> 00:34:15.559
you know jobs, train operators in grocery stores. On non

517
00:34:15.800 --> 00:34:19.880
working class jobs. Only about twenty four percent of early

518
00:34:19.960 --> 00:34:23.679
Border Patrol officers worked in agriculture, and only about ten

519
00:34:23.679 --> 00:34:28.400
percent owned or operated farms, meaning they were average working

520
00:34:28.400 --> 00:34:32.280
class white men and viewed Mexican immigration as a labor competition.

521
00:34:33.679 --> 00:34:39.159
Oh okay, hmm, so yet another thing to add to

522
00:34:39.199 --> 00:34:41.599
the end to the mix of like already racism, all

523
00:34:41.639 --> 00:34:47.320
these dynamics. Yeah, that's the word. Yeah. And these were

524
00:34:47.320 --> 00:34:51.960
the same men who opposed unrestricted Mexican immigration that the

525
00:34:52.159 --> 00:34:56.119
agricultural businessman, so the elite of their societies were fighting for.

526
00:34:56.199 --> 00:35:00.800
In the nineteen twenties, Texan labor union official said the

527
00:35:00.920 --> 00:35:04.679
following quote, I hope they never let another Mexican come

528
00:35:04.719 --> 00:35:08.880
to United States and quote the country would be a

529
00:35:08.920 --> 00:35:11.320
whole lot better off for the white laboring man if

530
00:35:11.320 --> 00:35:16.920
they weren't so many and words and Mexicans. Oh my god. Yeah.

531
00:35:18.480 --> 00:35:21.880
And these were the men that later because these were

532
00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:27.440
the men that became border pituationis yes. Yeah, again not

533
00:35:27.559 --> 00:35:32.360
surprise yet still disgusted. Yeah. And while the white working

534
00:35:32.400 --> 00:35:35.480
classmen didn't get their way with Congress back then, they

535
00:35:35.599 --> 00:35:38.599
gained some power once they started working on the border patrol,

536
00:35:38.960 --> 00:35:42.880
since they would come to have power over the workforce

537
00:35:43.039 --> 00:35:46.559
of the elite, the Mexican laborers, the very people they

538
00:35:46.719 --> 00:35:53.079
viewed as taking their jobs away. Wow. And in the book,

539
00:35:53.320 --> 00:35:58.159
Kelly explained quote. The border patrols turned toward policing Mexicans

540
00:35:58.559 --> 00:36:01.320
was much more than a matter of simply servicing the

541
00:36:01.320 --> 00:36:05.679
interests of agribusiness in capitalist economic development. It was a

542
00:36:05.679 --> 00:36:11.760
matter of community, manhood, whiteness, authority, class, respect, belonging, brotherhood,

543
00:36:11.760 --> 00:36:16.519
and violence in the Greater Texas Mexico borderlands. So yeah,

544
00:36:16.599 --> 00:36:20.360
working in border patrol allowed these average working class white

545
00:36:20.360 --> 00:36:24.599
men to move up the societal ladder. They gained authority

546
00:36:24.639 --> 00:36:27.239
and respect I was going to say respect right now,

547
00:36:27.639 --> 00:36:31.719
because they were viewed as white trash by the leak. Yeah.

548
00:36:31.760 --> 00:36:36.760
And so in this sense, they expanded the boundaries of whiteness. Right. So,

549
00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:40.519
now whiteness was not only the elite, the agribusiness men,

550
00:36:40.599 --> 00:36:47.519
it also included them them. Yeah. And so not only

551
00:36:47.920 --> 00:36:51.639
did this dynamic, I guess, expand the boundaries of whiteness,

552
00:36:51.800 --> 00:36:56.800
it also came to define the differences between the whites

553
00:36:56.840 --> 00:36:58.880
and the non whites in the Southwest, you know what

554
00:36:58.880 --> 00:37:04.719
I mean? Yeah, yeah, Yeah. Basically it came to equate

555
00:37:05.440 --> 00:37:09.639
illegal quote illegal immigrants as Mexican these racial dynamics, yeah,

556
00:37:09.679 --> 00:37:14.559
and separated them from their white orbital right people that

557
00:37:14.599 --> 00:37:18.800
were punting them down, stopping them from entering. So yeah, yeah,

558
00:37:18.880 --> 00:37:20.559
and then I have one more quote from the book

559
00:37:20.639 --> 00:37:22.599
that kind of helped explain this, you know, better than

560
00:37:22.639 --> 00:37:26.880
I could explain it. O quote. The project of enforcing

561
00:37:26.920 --> 00:37:30.960
immigration restrictions placed border patrol officers at what police scholar

562
00:37:31.159 --> 00:37:34.559
David Bailey describes as the cutting edge of the state's

563
00:37:34.639 --> 00:37:37.760
knife in terms of enforcing new boundaries between whites and

564
00:37:37.800 --> 00:37:45.119
non whites. End quote. Yeah, right, right, yes. An important

565
00:37:45.119 --> 00:37:47.760
piece to this project that whiteness in the borderlands was

566
00:37:47.800 --> 00:37:51.039
the few Mexican Americans who joined the early border patrol.

567
00:37:52.280 --> 00:37:56.639
Of course they did, of course they did. While white

568
00:37:56.639 --> 00:37:59.519
border patrol officers tended to be from lower income, working

569
00:37:59.559 --> 00:38:03.360
class backgrounds, Mexican Americans who joined tended to be from

570
00:38:03.440 --> 00:38:06.960
middle and upper class backgrounds. I'm rolling my eyes so hard.

571
00:38:07.039 --> 00:38:10.360
Of course they were, because they're trying to what's it

572
00:38:10.400 --> 00:38:14.440
called integrate themselves into whiteness. And this is the status

573
00:38:14.480 --> 00:38:17.239
symbol of whiteness. If you get to enforce the laws

574
00:38:17.239 --> 00:38:20.400
of whiteness, yeah, onto the people that are not your people,

575
00:38:20.400 --> 00:38:23.639
because you're separating yourself from them. Yeah. We can just

576
00:38:23.719 --> 00:38:26.079
end right here because you some raize my next few pages.

577
00:38:27.159 --> 00:38:31.360
Oh no, yeah, that's basically it short version and now

578
00:38:31.400 --> 00:38:35.960
stick around for the long version. In the nineteen twenty

579
00:38:36.039 --> 00:38:40.360
nine roster of Border Patrol personnel, there were six officers

580
00:38:40.360 --> 00:38:45.440
listed with Spanish last names. I'm sorry, I'm making such

581
00:38:45.440 --> 00:38:50.440
a disgusted face at them. It's disgusting behavior. Yeah. Among

582
00:38:50.480 --> 00:38:54.360
these men were Jesse Perez and Pete Torres. Jesse Perez,

583
00:38:54.440 --> 00:38:56.920
who was known as a legend within Border Patrol. I

584
00:38:56.920 --> 00:38:58.760
was gonna look more into him and then forgot a legend.

585
00:38:58.960 --> 00:39:01.679
Oh I wish way. Yeah, he was the son of

586
00:39:01.679 --> 00:39:04.159
a Texas ranger because of course he was, Oh my god,

587
00:39:05.280 --> 00:39:08.679
fucking and he was actually married to one of the

588
00:39:08.679 --> 00:39:12.800
founding families of the Rio Grand City mm okay, and

589
00:39:12.840 --> 00:39:15.920
his father in law also worked as a Texas Ranger, sheriff,

590
00:39:15.960 --> 00:39:18.719
and US marshall. I don't know if he held all

591
00:39:18.760 --> 00:39:22.280
these jobs at once. Uh no, no, No, probably went back

592
00:39:22.280 --> 00:39:25.119
and yeah, because that's that's what happened a lot. Yeah, yes,

593
00:39:26.039 --> 00:39:30.239
revolving door between all these different law enforcement agencies. Yes, yes,

594
00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:33.320
so yeah, his family, this family was entrenched in law

595
00:39:33.360 --> 00:39:37.039
enforcement and police scene and Pete Torres was a part

596
00:39:37.039 --> 00:39:41.239
of an influential family who identified as Spanish American. Oh okay,

597
00:39:41.239 --> 00:39:44.039
they were Yeah, they were in Mexican, they were Spanish. Yeah.

598
00:39:44.079 --> 00:39:46.480
And there was another officer listed in the ninety twenty

599
00:39:46.559 --> 00:39:50.360
nine roster with with Spanish last names that identified as

600
00:39:50.400 --> 00:39:52.920
partly of the Spanish race. That's how it was written

601
00:39:52.920 --> 00:39:57.440
in the whatever roster anything anything to not say Mexican. Yeah,

602
00:39:58.280 --> 00:40:01.840
And it is important to note that while there were

603
00:40:02.000 --> 00:40:06.400
founding families in the Southwest who were Spanish, they tended

604
00:40:06.400 --> 00:40:09.480
to live in the northern areas of the southwestern states.

605
00:40:10.199 --> 00:40:13.000
And we're talking about the borderlands, so the southernmost parts

606
00:40:13.039 --> 00:40:16.719
of these states, right, Okay. And I'm mentioning this because

607
00:40:16.920 --> 00:40:20.920
I made a video about this on TikTok and someone

608
00:40:20.920 --> 00:40:23.760
tried to argue with me about, like these are these

609
00:40:23.760 --> 00:40:26.719
were these people were in Texas before it was even Texas.

610
00:40:26.800 --> 00:40:29.239
They're Spanish, blah blah blah. But that's not the reality

611
00:40:29.320 --> 00:40:33.400
that it's just not factual. Yeah. So yeah, like I said,

612
00:40:33.440 --> 00:40:36.480
there was some you know, straight up Spanish heritage people,

613
00:40:37.079 --> 00:40:40.000
but they were not in these areas as. The truth

614
00:40:40.039 --> 00:40:42.400
is that in these areas mostly they were Mestizo, which

615
00:40:42.440 --> 00:40:47.320
then yeah, makes them not Spanish, making them Mexican. Or

616
00:40:47.360 --> 00:40:49.719
Mexican American. Yeah, they were now in today's terms, they

617
00:40:49.719 --> 00:40:54.360
were straight up Mexican Americans like me and you. Yeah,

618
00:40:54.599 --> 00:40:58.840
like a typical Mexican American, you know, with no traceable

619
00:40:58.960 --> 00:41:03.159
or prominent Spanish history. Yeah. Yeah, Like you said, there

620
00:41:03.159 --> 00:41:07.199
were mastisos, but they want to be Spanish Spanish at all. Yeah,

621
00:41:07.480 --> 00:41:11.320
but what was it? Partially partially Spanish, partly of the

622
00:41:11.360 --> 00:41:15.920
Spanish race. Yeah, okay, but there was a deliberate push

623
00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:19.360
by middle and upper class Mexican Americans to separate themselves

624
00:41:19.360 --> 00:41:23.840
from the newly arrived Mexican immigrants. We're not like them,

625
00:41:24.199 --> 00:41:27.039
So they started identifying more with their Spanish side and

626
00:41:27.079 --> 00:41:30.719
calling themselves Spanish Americans again, when in reality they were

627
00:41:30.760 --> 00:41:36.960
not right. And this identification as Spanish continued generation after generation,

628
00:41:37.679 --> 00:41:41.679
to the point that many Mexican Americans who happened in

629
00:41:41.679 --> 00:41:45.920
New Mexico for generations to this day identify as Hispanic, Hispano,

630
00:41:46.039 --> 00:41:50.400
no Mexicano, or a Spanish origin. In a commentary piece

631
00:41:50.440 --> 00:41:54.440
from twenty twenty four, journalist Lauren Lifke recalls when she

632
00:41:54.559 --> 00:41:57.960
was applying for college, she was confused when the application

633
00:41:58.079 --> 00:42:01.000
asked her to imper her specific background and so the

634
00:42:01.039 --> 00:42:05.960
options were Cuban, Mexican slash Chicano, Puerto Rican, Latin American,

635
00:42:06.199 --> 00:42:09.840
and other. And she had only ever identified as Hispanic.

636
00:42:09.960 --> 00:42:12.000
So she texted her mom. She's like, hey, what are

637
00:42:12.039 --> 00:42:14.920
we and then her mom's like, of Spanish origin from Spain,

638
00:42:15.519 --> 00:42:18.840
and then she's like that doesn't sound right, right, So

639
00:42:18.840 --> 00:42:21.960
she's taking it upon herself to learn more about New

640
00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:24.960
Mexican history and her own ancestry, and she you know,

641
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:28.960
came to learn about, you know, this deliberate push to

642
00:42:29.039 --> 00:42:32.960
stinction separate themselves from Mexican. Yeah, but I thought that

643
00:42:33.000 --> 00:42:35.400
was so interesting because obviously I don't know what it's like,

644
00:42:35.719 --> 00:42:39.719
you know, as a first gen I don't know what

645
00:42:39.719 --> 00:42:42.920
it's like to be you know, of having been here

646
00:42:42.960 --> 00:42:48.800
a long time. Yeah, yeah, like generation after generation. And

647
00:42:48.840 --> 00:42:51.639
then at what point do you do you lose the

648
00:42:51.679 --> 00:42:54.599
Mexican part of Mexican American and you're just American. I mean,

649
00:42:54.639 --> 00:42:56.800
these people didn't even they skipped Mexican and they just

650
00:42:56.800 --> 00:43:01.639
went Spanish American. Right. So, and I'll get into this

651
00:43:01.800 --> 00:43:03.960
like just now. But it was also in an effort

652
00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:08.360
to protect to protect themselves from discrimination. But yes, it

653
00:43:09.400 --> 00:43:13.360
doesn't help to align yourself with whiteness. How many times

654
00:43:13.400 --> 00:43:16.400
have we stay tried it? But it doesn't work, especially

655
00:43:16.440 --> 00:43:21.119
when we've talked about like school segregation and like anything.

656
00:43:21.159 --> 00:43:24.159
To not be grouped with black people is how they

657
00:43:24.159 --> 00:43:27.960
were finding the segregation. Yeah, because they wanted to be

658
00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:32.880
included as white. And sadly, when you have agencies like

659
00:43:32.920 --> 00:43:37.519
Border Patrol who've always looked for people that look like

660
00:43:37.559 --> 00:43:41.559
a certain way, you're never going to be white like wow, yeah, yeah.

661
00:43:41.840 --> 00:43:44.320
So yeah, back to Mexican Americans in the borderlands the

662
00:43:44.440 --> 00:43:49.280
nineteen twenties, Spanish Americans, well, yeah, they wanted the ones

663
00:43:49.320 --> 00:43:53.320
that joined Bord Patrol. The League of United Latin American

664
00:43:53.320 --> 00:43:56.519
Citizens or lu LAC, which we have mentioned before. Yeah,

665
00:43:56.920 --> 00:44:01.599
during this time, they're very different they now woman. Yeah,

666
00:44:01.719 --> 00:44:07.639
but they helped promote Mexican American integration into mainstream American society,

667
00:44:07.960 --> 00:44:11.960
and most of their members were middle and upper class. Yeah,

668
00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:14.960
and that was the problem that a lot of Chicanos

669
00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:19.280
and Dwaite Chicanismo grew into its own separate group from LULAC.

670
00:44:19.559 --> 00:44:23.000
It was the reason that people weren't identifying as upper

671
00:44:23.039 --> 00:44:25.119
middle class because they weren't and they didn't want to

672
00:44:25.119 --> 00:44:27.039
conform to whiteness. They were like, we're not that, like

673
00:44:27.079 --> 00:44:29.679
we know that. Yeah, that was a huge aspect of

674
00:44:29.760 --> 00:44:34.119
like you said, the Chicano movement and lu LAC members

675
00:44:34.159 --> 00:44:39.320
held American institutions, political philosophy, and capitalism and high esteem.

676
00:44:39.960 --> 00:44:42.239
But they didn't like that they weren't allowed to fully

677
00:44:42.280 --> 00:44:45.000
participate in these things because they were being discriminated against

678
00:44:45.760 --> 00:44:49.920
because they were you know, they were racialize as Mexican

679
00:44:50.159 --> 00:44:53.480
because they were right. American to them wasn't right because

680
00:44:53.480 --> 00:44:58.639
they were, Yeah, And instead of challenging the black and

681
00:44:58.679 --> 00:45:03.039
white racial hierarchy of the region, they decided to appeal

682
00:45:03.079 --> 00:45:06.840
to whiteness to protect themselves from discrimination. According to Lulac,

683
00:45:06.840 --> 00:45:08.199
which is what you said earlier, but you know to

684
00:45:08.280 --> 00:45:10.239
my notes, so I had to say it right, right.

685
00:45:10.599 --> 00:45:14.039
According to Lulac, it was the association of Mexican Americans

686
00:45:14.079 --> 00:45:18.000
with the colored racist, which really just meant black people, right,

687
00:45:18.119 --> 00:45:20.679
that prevented them from gaining a full access to white

688
00:45:20.719 --> 00:45:24.079
American society. So they wanted to distinguish themselves from black

689
00:45:24.119 --> 00:45:27.800
people and newly arrived Mexican immigrants, and they started to

690
00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:31.599
push to define themselves as Spanish Americans. Well, I want

691
00:45:31.639 --> 00:45:37.119
to say during operation they maintained this line of thinking

692
00:45:37.159 --> 00:45:39.639
for a while. This went from generation of the generation.

693
00:45:39.760 --> 00:45:42.800
That's why I had that. I meant Lulac specifically. Oh yeah,

694
00:45:42.840 --> 00:45:48.719
this because during operation during Operation went Back, they were

695
00:45:48.800 --> 00:45:52.840
for the deportations. For Oh no, am I thinking of

696
00:45:52.840 --> 00:45:57.000
Mexican repatriation one of the two. You're probably thinking of growth, Yeah,

697
00:45:57.039 --> 00:46:00.199
because Mexican reprepretation was in the thirties, right, Yeah, and

698
00:46:00.280 --> 00:46:03.559
there's not long after the time period we're talking about. Yea.

699
00:46:03.800 --> 00:46:08.280
Lulac as an organization supported it at first until citizens

700
00:46:08.719 --> 00:46:13.119
started being deported as well. And it was the like

701
00:46:13.159 --> 00:46:15.639
you said, the Chicano movement, which was well prominent in

702
00:46:15.760 --> 00:46:21.000
Roads in the sixties, where New Mexicans who have been

703
00:46:21.039 --> 00:46:24.400
here for generations started moving away from the Spanish American

704
00:46:24.480 --> 00:46:27.599
label and started identifying in Chicago. And I don't know

705
00:46:27.639 --> 00:46:32.440
if this was when luck also I think it, but yeah,

706
00:46:32.480 --> 00:46:34.840
and I believe that's the case because and I don't

707
00:46:34.840 --> 00:46:37.199
know when exactly, because it wasn't it recently like in

708
00:46:37.239 --> 00:46:40.079
the two thousands that they apologized for their racism against

709
00:46:40.119 --> 00:46:42.679
black people, Like yeah, I don't remember exactly what year,

710
00:46:42.719 --> 00:46:45.280
but they have apologized for it. Which you know, yeah,

711
00:46:45.360 --> 00:46:50.360
it doesn't make anything they did right, but at least

712
00:46:50.360 --> 00:46:53.719
you know that that's what they do, what they do anymore. Yeah, no,

713
00:46:55.280 --> 00:46:59.280
and yeah, many LULAC members felt that the newly arrived

714
00:46:59.320 --> 00:47:03.199
Mexican immigrants threatened their goals, so they advocated for limiting

715
00:47:03.239 --> 00:47:07.239
Mexican immigration and supported increased border enforcement and for middle

716
00:47:07.280 --> 00:47:12.760
class Mexican americanment to join the born Patrol. I hate this. Yeah,

717
00:47:12.920 --> 00:47:15.639
so yeah, I mean, and like I said before, lu

718
00:47:15.719 --> 00:47:18.760
LAC today is different than lu LAC then. And so

719
00:47:19.280 --> 00:47:24.639
this is a very interesting like the because today you

720
00:47:24.760 --> 00:47:28.400
see people in the protests that were happening against ICE

721
00:47:28.599 --> 00:47:31.920
and people like in the faces of Latino ICE agents,

722
00:47:31.960 --> 00:47:33.719
like how could you do this? But there's a long

723
00:47:33.840 --> 00:47:37.199
it's how, Yeah, this is how. This is how. There's

724
00:47:37.199 --> 00:47:40.679
a very long history. And there's something about like a

725
00:47:40.880 --> 00:47:46.320
uniform that makes someone proud. And I maintain this belief

726
00:47:46.360 --> 00:47:51.480
that any uniform, unless it's the post office, it's not

727
00:47:51.639 --> 00:47:54.519
something to be proud of. But like people look at

728
00:47:54.519 --> 00:47:56.440
it and the like, oh, look at my son, like

729
00:47:56.599 --> 00:47:58.920
my daughter. They're in the army or they're in Borbagel,

730
00:47:58.960 --> 00:48:02.039
Like look at this uniform. They're doing good things, but like, no,

731
00:48:03.679 --> 00:48:07.760
but but when people when you saw those or when

732
00:48:07.800 --> 00:48:10.320
I saw those protests and I saw them yelling at

733
00:48:10.360 --> 00:48:13.079
the vices like you betrayed, like your people, Like this

734
00:48:13.159 --> 00:48:16.800
goes back to even the inception, way back. Yeah, yeah,

735
00:48:18.239 --> 00:48:21.920
then and now it's an appeal to whiteness, to power,

736
00:48:22.400 --> 00:48:27.079
to assimilation, and just like then, it doesn't pay to

737
00:48:27.119 --> 00:48:30.119
do that. No, no, you will always be seen, you

738
00:48:30.119 --> 00:48:33.599
will always be rationalized as other if you are not white. Yeah,

739
00:48:33.880 --> 00:48:37.119
and this brings me back to Pete Taurus. He was

740
00:48:37.159 --> 00:48:41.119
the exemplary of this dynamic of you know, he was

741
00:48:41.119 --> 00:48:43.840
the embottoment, the embodiment. That's better, that's a better word.

742
00:48:43.880 --> 00:48:46.079
He was then bbottoment of all this so embodiment I

743
00:48:46.079 --> 00:48:49.360
said it wrong the first time. Uh. Yeah. Pete hated

744
00:48:49.480 --> 00:48:53.400
being called Mexican, and uh, one day an acquaintance of

745
00:48:53.440 --> 00:48:55.760
Pete started making fun of him by calling him Mexican,

746
00:48:55.880 --> 00:48:59.199
and in response, Pete pulled out his revolver and he

747
00:48:59.239 --> 00:49:02.360
shot at his and at his legs. Being called the

748
00:49:02.400 --> 00:49:05.519
Mexican right, and he was like, I'm not Mexican, I'm

749
00:49:05.599 --> 00:49:10.280
Spanish American. Wow. Yeah, And then I really like the

750
00:49:10.280 --> 00:49:14.440
way that Kelly described this quote Indie Border Patrol, and

751
00:49:14.480 --> 00:49:19.039
through Mexican exclusion, he Pete and the others literally shot

752
00:49:19.079 --> 00:49:25.880
their way into whiteness. That's so violent, right, And the

753
00:49:26.199 --> 00:49:29.440
earlier I talked about the working class white men viewing

754
00:49:29.559 --> 00:49:34.320
Mexican liverers as labor competition, the racism and enophobia embedded

755
00:49:34.360 --> 00:49:37.760
in the Southwest, and how the lack of direct rules

756
00:49:37.760 --> 00:49:41.280
and training led to different border patrol districts to become

757
00:49:41.360 --> 00:49:45.400
highly localized and regionalized, which led to the policing new Mexicans.

758
00:49:45.639 --> 00:49:49.920
What a summary. Wow, yes, yes, and this was you know,

759
00:49:50.559 --> 00:49:53.400
hugely because the border patrol agents grew up discriminating in

760
00:49:53.480 --> 00:49:57.519
othering Mexicans, and as men, this othering became their job,

761
00:49:58.079 --> 00:50:04.920
and their violence against me scans became sanctioned, state sanctioned violence.

762
00:50:07.559 --> 00:50:11.719
Jeanie piet and fred D Albini were early members of

763
00:50:11.760 --> 00:50:14.920
the Border Patrol and as children they used to gather

764
00:50:15.079 --> 00:50:17.000
rocks and pile them up so they could throw them

765
00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:22.440
at the Mexican kids during recess. And so these kids

766
00:50:22.480 --> 00:50:24.800
that used to throw rocks at Mexican kids for fun

767
00:50:25.599 --> 00:50:31.599
later became Border patrol agents. And Kelly wrote quote years later,

768
00:50:31.760 --> 00:50:34.679
as officers of the United States Border Patrol. They traded

769
00:50:34.719 --> 00:50:38.239
their rocks for shotguns and converted their child's play into

770
00:50:38.239 --> 00:50:45.199
police practice. So it's not wild. It's not wild. It's predictable.

771
00:50:45.199 --> 00:50:48.039
But like, just reading it like that, I'm like, I

772
00:50:48.079 --> 00:50:52.840
don't know, it brings up it makes you feel feeling yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah,

773
00:50:53.000 --> 00:51:00.400
like I don't know, anger, but then yeah, disappointment. I'm

774
00:51:00.440 --> 00:51:04.840
not angry, I'm disappointed. The history an inception of border patrol,

775
00:51:07.679 --> 00:51:10.880
And so I'm gonna leave off there, and next week

776
00:51:11.039 --> 00:51:15.360
we'll get into some discriminatory and violent tactics of the

777
00:51:15.440 --> 00:51:18.280
early bar patrol and probably some more history that I

778
00:51:18.320 --> 00:51:22.119
can't remember right now, but okay, I will probably include

779
00:51:22.559 --> 00:51:25.519
I'm excited, but not excited, you know what I mean,

780
00:51:25.679 --> 00:51:30.119
I know what you mean. Yeah, all right, Well that

781
00:51:30.239 --> 00:51:33.000
was a fascinating way too. In the end, learn that

782
00:51:33.039 --> 00:51:36.639
the same kids who hated Mexicans then became border Patruegians.

783
00:51:36.760 --> 00:51:46.239
Like yeah, and likewise today not us saying the same thing. Yeah,

784
00:51:46.559 --> 00:51:51.159
I mean time in secular like sometimes say, I just

785
00:51:51.199 --> 00:51:53.760
saw some posts I think I don't remember it was

786
00:51:53.960 --> 00:51:56.039
if it was a subtact that I'm subscribed to, or

787
00:51:56.039 --> 00:51:58.440
if it was someone on threads but basically like history

788
00:51:58.960 --> 00:52:03.000
doesn't repeat it, so it's remix where it's like there

789
00:52:03.039 --> 00:52:04.679
was an old version of that and now there's a

790
00:52:04.719 --> 00:52:07.039
new version of the same thing, and ye remix. Yeah

791
00:52:07.119 --> 00:52:11.559
that sounds about right, because that's what we're seeing back

792
00:52:11.559 --> 00:52:16.480
then and today. And I don't like it, not one bit.

793
00:52:17.239 --> 00:52:21.800
But wow, thank you Carmen for working hard on these notes.

794
00:52:22.199 --> 00:52:23.800
So hard. It's so hard for me to sit down

795
00:52:23.840 --> 00:52:27.519
write notes, it really is. She just not like me.

796
00:52:29.039 --> 00:52:30.760
It's also hard for me to sit down and read

797
00:52:30.960 --> 00:52:39.639
the book. Both are very hard for you. Yeah, yeah,

798
00:52:39.760 --> 00:52:42.840
anything you want to say before we end or now,

799
00:52:44.639 --> 00:52:46.800
just that right now at the time we're recording, it

800
00:52:46.880 --> 00:52:49.920
is September fifteenth, twenty twenty five, and there has been

801
00:52:51.519 --> 00:52:55.920
here in the US protests wherever CSPES is located, protests

802
00:52:55.920 --> 00:52:59.440
against the dictatorship. In the Saladora and Indo as well,

803
00:52:59.519 --> 00:53:03.199
there has been protests against the dictatorship of Buckle, people

804
00:53:03.239 --> 00:53:06.840
holding signs like the safety comes with the Cost, people

805
00:53:06.880 --> 00:53:10.119
holding pictures of their loved ones who have been disappeared

806
00:53:10.159 --> 00:53:13.039
in prisons. Because as you know, if this is your

807
00:53:13.079 --> 00:53:16.199
first episode listening, this is and and maybe you're not

808
00:53:16.320 --> 00:53:20.000
aware of buckle and go back and listen to those

809
00:53:21.199 --> 00:53:23.800
episodes we did. There's a long history of corruption, a

810
00:53:23.880 --> 00:53:28.320
long history of again disappearing where it's like, yes, two

811
00:53:28.320 --> 00:53:30.599
things going to be true and bald is safer and

812
00:53:30.679 --> 00:53:33.880
yes at what costs? And there's you know a lot

813
00:53:33.880 --> 00:53:36.039
of people that have been doing work talking about this.

814
00:53:36.159 --> 00:53:39.000
But today there's a lot of protests because it today

815
00:53:39.239 --> 00:53:44.719
is the independence day for and how can you claim

816
00:53:44.719 --> 00:53:48.639
to be independent when so many of your population is

817
00:53:48.679 --> 00:53:53.800
behind bars arbitrarily arrested and detained and then disappeared, right, right,

818
00:53:54.679 --> 00:53:59.280
So there's nation like there's wide protests in because then

819
00:53:59.320 --> 00:54:01.119
you get the people's and there has been for the

820
00:54:01.159 --> 00:54:05.360
past several years. Yes, yeah, today is just another protest

821
00:54:05.400 --> 00:54:09.079
against uh him, But I mean the they have been

822
00:54:09.119 --> 00:54:14.199
protesting this on Independence Day for the past several years. Yes, yes, exactly. Yeah,

823
00:54:14.199 --> 00:54:18.280
it's not new, and I think right now there's more

824
00:54:18.320 --> 00:54:22.760
people realizing and learning that this isn't He's not a

825
00:54:22.800 --> 00:54:28.159
good thing for especially in the recent months with coming

826
00:54:28.199 --> 00:54:34.199
out with Trump. Yeah, during the I guess we could

827
00:54:34.239 --> 00:54:37.840
say what kidnapping, I forgot what word people are using.

828
00:54:37.920 --> 00:54:43.760
But of Kim right duringing, I mean, and it's not

829
00:54:43.760 --> 00:54:47.880
really deporting because following any of the country right right, yeah,

830
00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:52.119
and this is the taking of migrants into a third place,

831
00:54:53.000 --> 00:54:56.559
uh like a different country completely and then signed a

832
00:54:56.639 --> 00:55:00.239
deal with you know Trump, right And from that, so

833
00:55:00.519 --> 00:55:04.079
from those events, people are realizing, oh, it's not who

834
00:55:04.119 --> 00:55:07.039
I thought he was. Yeah, some people after that happened,

835
00:55:07.039 --> 00:55:10.159
some people started waking up and saying, wait, maybe he's not.

836
00:55:10.480 --> 00:55:12.599
It's not a good thing. But there have been people

837
00:55:13.000 --> 00:55:18.159
in and in the diaspora that have been speaking out

838
00:55:18.159 --> 00:55:21.159
against him for a long time, and today is just

839
00:55:21.199 --> 00:55:25.440
another manifestation of that. Both seas past in the US

840
00:55:25.519 --> 00:55:29.280
is doing it and then in activists or testing against

841
00:55:30.679 --> 00:55:33.480
I mean so much. The state of Exception is still

842
00:55:33.480 --> 00:55:36.239
going on. There's still you know, detained a bunch of people,

843
00:55:36.719 --> 00:55:42.760
dispairing them into prison. So that's been happening today. That

844
00:55:42.800 --> 00:55:51.920
does him recording and solidarity with our fellow stabs mm hmm. Yeah.

845
00:55:52.360 --> 00:55:55.000
Also the craziest thing, I mean, I just don't under like,

846
00:55:55.280 --> 00:56:00.320
I don't understand like, oh, dictator dictatorship for the but

847
00:56:00.440 --> 00:56:04.840
not for me like Trump here. Yeah, that's what we

848
00:56:04.960 --> 00:56:08.159
have been feeling from a lot of the diaspora that

849
00:56:08.199 --> 00:56:12.559
they have been in the protests in l a uh

850
00:56:12.960 --> 00:56:19.559
denouncing you know, Trump's author authoritativeness. Uh. Yet at the

851
00:56:19.559 --> 00:56:22.599
same time they have been out there caping and kissing

852
00:56:22.599 --> 00:56:27.559
asks for And I'm like, which is it, man? You

853
00:56:27.880 --> 00:56:33.960
either support authoritarian governments or you don't. Right. You can't

854
00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:37.320
pick and choose, right, And yeah, I think that was

855
00:56:37.360 --> 00:56:40.840
the last thing I wanted to add. Okay, Also a

856
00:56:40.880 --> 00:56:44.760
reminder for anyone who wants to see a line for

857
00:56:44.920 --> 00:56:49.280
Spooky Tales will be a spooky focused We are going

858
00:56:49.320 --> 00:56:57.880
to be in Yakima on November first at the Kukui

859
00:56:58.119 --> 00:57:02.480
is Going to Get You events November first, seven pm

860
00:57:02.559 --> 00:57:06.199
at the Baptist Event Center in Yakama, and we'll be

861
00:57:06.280 --> 00:57:10.199
there Latinos again, spooky shit will be there, and there's

862
00:57:10.239 --> 00:57:13.519
also going to be any spooky market, different stuff, fun

863
00:57:13.559 --> 00:57:16.159
stuff is spooky stuff. It's gonna be a good time.

864
00:57:17.199 --> 00:57:19.039
And I will put the link in the show notes

865
00:57:19.079 --> 00:57:22.840
I forgot last week. Wow, I'll do it this time.

866
00:57:23.840 --> 00:57:25.639
And yeah. Other than that, we hope that this was

867
00:57:25.679 --> 00:57:32.480
one last Editoria unknown for you. Bye bye. Astorias Are

868
00:57:32.519 --> 00:57:35.760
Known is produced by Carmen and Christina. Researched by Carmen

869
00:57:35.800 --> 00:57:38.840
and Christina, edited by Christina. You can find sources for

870
00:57:38.920 --> 00:57:41.679
every episode at Estoria unknown dot com and in our

871
00:57:41.679 --> 00:57:44.119
show notes. Creating the podcast has a lot of work,

872
00:57:44.199 --> 00:57:46.119
so if you want to help us out financially, you

873
00:57:46.119 --> 00:57:49.760
can do so by supporting us on Patreon at patreon

874
00:57:49.800 --> 00:57:51.679
dot com. Slash She studied as an own podcast