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Hi, everyone. This is Carmen. And Cristina. And this is
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Historia As Unknown, a podcast where we talk about Latin
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American history. Sometimes it's horrible and deals with heavy topics
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like racism, corruption, and genocide. But more than that, it's
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also about resistance, power, and community. Also, we're recovering from
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a cold, and that's why we sound like this, if
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we sound different, which we should. We sound a little
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more nasally. Our break didn't go as planned because illness
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was not planned. But you never plan for those things, right?
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I never think they're going to happen, no. I know. Anyway, yeah,
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we're back. And the World Cup was wrapping up as
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we went on our break. And even though it is
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long over, it is still in my heart, still in
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mi corazón. And we're still sick with football fever. We're
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sick with the cold and with football fever. That's right. Yeah,
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I've been watching Liga MX. I haven't been watching any,
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but I've been keeping up with them. Subreddit. So yeah,
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I've been checking which Mexican players have made it to Europe.
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Me too. Anyway, it's still in my heart. And that
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is why we're doing a part two of the most
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political football matches. And also because I said we would
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last episode. Well, yes. And I'm glad because I thought
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it was a very interesting topic. I have so much
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fun doing these topics. And there's just an endless amount
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that we could do. I also read this book called
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How Soccer Explains the World. And fascinating, fascinating. I learned
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so much about the EPL, the English Premier League, about
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some of the history there. Lots of anti-Semitism. Wait, we
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should do a Patreon. Why didn't I think of this?
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We do a Patreon episode about the book. Oh my God,
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we'll do that. We'll do that. It was a lot.
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It was fun to read. There was also a section,
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a very interesting section about Brazil. Brazil. That would be,
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I feel like that would be kind of wild. Yeah. Yeah.
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So it's a very fun read. Anyway, let's, before we
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go more off topic here and not start the episode yet,
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let's start this episode. Let's do it. As we said
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in the last episode, part one of this, politics and
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sports have never really been separate, although some would try
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to have you believe otherwise. It's just not true. They've
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always been intertwined. As has everything with politics. Everything is political.
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That's right. In the last part of this, I talked
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about the 1978 World Cup, which took place in Argentina.
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And we specifically talked about Argentina versus Peru in that
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World Cup. And we also talked about Chile versus the
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Soviet Union in 1973, which was a qualifier for the
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1974 World Cup, which took place in West Germany. And
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just like where these World Cups take place, also political.
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Because why was it in West Germany? Why not East Germany?
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We all know why. Yeah, we all know why. Also,
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which teams make it. Exactly. Which teams have the resources
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to pay their players to fully dedicate themselves to the
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game and training, which ones have to keep working full
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time while playing, you know? So today I will be
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telling you, the listeners and Carmen, about Argentina yet again,
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because for some reason they're always at the scene of
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political football matches. They really are, huh? They are. They are.
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The same context for the 1978 World Cup applies to
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what I'm talking about today, Argentina versus England 1.0, because
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we had 2.0 in the 2026 World Cup. What? Argentina
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versus England. 2.0 recently. Yeah. Okay. Okay. 1.0 in 78. Okay. Yeah. Sorry.
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For some reason, I just couldn't comprehend that. I think
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it's my sick brain. No, sorry. 1.0 took place in 1986,
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but the same context that we already talked about for
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the 1978 World Cup that happened in Argentina applies to this.
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The dictatorship was still going on. Sort of. Okay. Well,
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I'll just let you get into it. But the point
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of all this is that Argentina versus England 2.0 was
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also a little political. Okay. Wow. Yeah. So, Argentina versus
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England 1.0. What I'm calling 1.0. They had played before that,
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but I'm calling the 1986 match the first very political
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match between the two. Oh, I see. Argentina versus England 1.0
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took place in 1986, just three years after the military
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junta was disbanded. I see. Yeah. And as we said
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in part one, during the dictatorship, the military junta enacted
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the dirty war in which the military security forces and
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death squads hunted down anyone who was considered subversive. Any
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political dissidents of the junta, socialists, communists, peronistas, montoneros, which
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was a guerrilla. Guerrilleros. Yeah. Union leaders, members, union members.
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I mean, students, journalists, artists, teachers, anyone, literally anyone. It's
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estimated that between 13,000 and 30,000 were either killed and
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or disappeared. Also, this dirty war is where the term
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disappeared as a verb, like it was coined for this war.
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Like they were disappeared. Yeah, like not they disappeared, they
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were disappeared. Yes. By the 1980s, Argentina was in economic collapse.
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The Junta was growing more and more unpopular among the people.
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In December 1981, the military junta changed hands. It was
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now headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri, Air Brigadier Basilio Lami Doso,
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and Admiral Jorge Anaya. This was December, right? In March,
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they also changed, like, they had another change of, like,
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who was in power. Okay, so a lot of... A
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lot of... Yes. Because in March of 1981... General Jorge
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Rafael Videla, who we've mentioned a lot, he was like
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in charge for a long time. Yeah. He transferred like
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his power, whatever, his role to General Roberto Eduardo Viola.
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And then it changed again just a few months after that.
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In December. And then in an attempt to create unity,
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increase nationalism and distract the population, he General Leopoldo Galtieri,
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the main architect behind La Guerra de las Malvinas. Oh,
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so that was him. The Falcons were, yeah. He came
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up with a plan to invade the islands called Operation Rosario.
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The military junta hoped to mobilize patriotism, but they never
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expected the UK to respond militarily, with their own military,
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to the invasion of the Falkland Islands. I really don't
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know why they thought that. I honestly don't know. But like,
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you know how talking in terms of the U.S. and
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how people are like, oh, it's a distraction. It's a distraction.
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Like these things really are. This is literally a planned distraction.
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Like they're like, OK, the people aren't happy. You know
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what will unite them? Patriotism. A war. They're hungry. They're
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being repressed. But to distract, let's make this war. Exactly.
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Before getting into the war itself, let's talk a little
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bit about Las Malvinas or the Falkland Islands. These islands
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are found in the South Atlantic and their sovereignty has
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been disputed since the 19th century. According to Argentina, Las
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Malvinas belong to them. Not only because it makes sense geographically,
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as the islands are like way, way closer to Argentina.
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They're literally like Argentina's on the left and then on
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the right, there's a little bit of ocean and then
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there are Las Malvinas. They're very close to Argentina. So
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it makes sense geographically, it does. But also because the
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islands were part of the Spanish colonial world. And after
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gaining independence from Spain, whatever belonged to Spain now belonged
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to Argentina. So in 1829, Argentina appointed Luis Vernet as
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the political and military commander of Las Malvinas. And who
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was he? You might be wondering because I was like,
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who is this? He was a wealthy merchant, son of
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a wealthy merchant, born in Hamburg. As in like Hamburg
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was like formerly Germany with some other... countries in Europe
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I don't I'm not like a European historian but I
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just yeah the Hamburgs um are a thing anyway born
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in Hamburg eventually making his way to South America and
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he is best known for having settled Las Malvinas specifically
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the East Falkland Islands because there's East and West Falklands
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um and he settled in the East Falklands well he
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settled them he created like a settlement there in 1828
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and you can find a statue of him in the
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East Falkland Islands to this day The appointment of Luis
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Vernet was challenged by the British consul in Buenos Aires,
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who then restated their claim to the islands. And what
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is their claim to the island? You might also be wondering.
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I was literally wondering that. Well, in 1690, an English captain,
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I didn't write down his name. I'm so sorry. John something.
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John Smith, probably. No, I don't know his name. John
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Smith himself. No, but an English captain for sure. Yeah, yeah.
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Made the first recorded landing on the Falklands. And unlike
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other areas where they made their first recorded landings, this
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was actually uninhabited. Then in 1764, a British settlement was
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established in West Falkland. But then they were driven away
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by the Spanish. Then they returned. Then they were driven
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away again by the Spanish. Because the Spanish were also there,
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in and out. Like both Spanish, English and French, actually
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all three were in and out of the Falklands since
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like that time period. And then the islands were kind
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of forgotten by both the Spanish and the British until
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Argentina gained independence in 1820 and then claimed sovereignty over
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the islands. In 1833, British forces took control of the Falklands.
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and forced whatever Argentine authorities who were already there, they
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forced them out. And if you look at the population
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of Las Malvinas, a name which the British reject, it
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is pretty British. 30% identify as such, as British, while
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53% of those on the island identify as Falkland Islander. Okay,
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but they're like... descendants from... Yeah, the main language is English. British. Yeah.
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The main official language of the Falklands is English. 11%
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identifies as St. Hellenians. 5% is Filipino. Okay. Okay, Filipinos. Yeah.
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And then another 5% as Chilean. And back then, in 1833,
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there was no established British community like there is today.
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It was smaller, the British community. It was smaller, but
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still there. And the population of the island was more mixed.
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There was some British, some Gauchos, which are like horse
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herders of Argentina and Uruguay of South America. Labors, settlers, sailors,
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those who had been there since the settlement of Luis Vernet,
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who settled it kind of in the name of Argentina,
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but also he spoke to the British and he kind
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of had permission for both of them. And it's like, okay,
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who was he actually working for? Point is, there was
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a lot of different groups of people on the island
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and they were uninhabited when all these groups of people
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came to be there. In 1965, the UN tried to
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get Argentina and the UK to reach an agreement on
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who owned the islands and nothing came of it. There
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was like smaller back and forth arguments between the two
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countries up until 1982. I'll also add that by 1982,
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The people of the Falklands did not recognize Argentine sovereignty
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on the islands. They consider themselves independent, but part of
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the UK. Like they didn't consider themselves at all Argentinian.
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They were like, we're our own people, but we are
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associated with the British crown. Isn't it Argentine, not Argentinian? Probably. Yeah.
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But again, my brain not working. I'm not sure, actually.
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I don't know. Anyway, point is, they didn't claim themselves
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to be from Argentina. They wanted nothing to do with Argentina. OK,
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hopefully all of this has established that the Argentinian Argentine
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claim toward Las Malvinas predated the military junta. But as
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protests against the military junta grew and their power, people
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were like, we're tired of this as that was happening. Oh,
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both are correct. Oh, thanks. OK, now we know. Yeah.
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They sought to use Las Malvinas to foster a sense
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of nationalism and thus Operación Rosario began. On April 2nd, 1982,
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Argentine forces landed on the Falkland Islands. Okay, but before that,
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like two weeks before that, there's another island that's very
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close to the Falkland Islands that's also now Argentinian. Uh,
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and they, the Argentine, Argentinian Marines had like infiltrated a,
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what looked like a fisher boat and they planted like
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the flag of Argentina on this island, this other island.
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I don't remember. I didn't write down what island it was.
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I thought I would remember and I didn't. So that
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already had like the British military kind of on edge.
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They're like, what are they doing? Then on April 2nd,
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Argentine forces landed on the Falkland Islands. And for whatever reason,
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Argentina was surprised that the British responded. And I'm not
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going to get into like the battles and all that
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and the like the military details on how it went down.
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But the war was short lived. And although it was
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short lived, it left a deep wound in Argentina. Well,
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the Argentine military was like unprepared, ill-equipped, starving, right? That's
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exactly what I was about to say. They didn't have
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enough training. They faced hunger. The military plans were not
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well thought out. Young soldiers, most of whom were conscripted,
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were sent to the Falklands. So on top of that,
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it's not like a voluntary army. It's being forced. They
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were being sent to their deaths. This was not a
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war they were going to win. It lasted two months,
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one week, and five days. 649 Argentine soldiers died. Wow.
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I don't think I had heard that number before. Or
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maybe I did, but I forgot. Yeah. Compared to 255
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British military personnel and three Falkland Islanders. Argentina was forced
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to surrender. And this surrender paved the way for the
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return of democracy in Argentina... as the Junta was forced out.
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They were like, no, you're done. You're done, basically. You're done.
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But Las Malvinas is something that stayed on a lot
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of minds, especially the most patriotic and nationalistic, which is
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something that tends to come out to the forefront during
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any World Cup for any country, right? Like, yeah. And
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so now this leads us to the 1986 World Cup.
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which took place four years after the War of the Falklands,
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the Falklands War. This World Cup was held in Mexico,
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where Mexico lost to Germany in the quarterfinals. They made
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it to the quarterfinals. Wow. And I want to say
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the U.S. didn't qualify. I believe it. I could be wrong, though.
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It could be misremembering. I believe it. Nine games were
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held at El Estadio Azteca. including the now infamous Argentina
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versus England match during the quarterfinals. I will also add
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that even before the war, there was already bad blood