April 2, 2026
Berta Caceres Part 2
Berta Cáceres was a Lenca indigenous leader, an environmental activist, and a human rights defender. But she was also so much more than that: a beauty pageant queen, a revolutionary (she joined the FMLN during the Salvadoran Civil War), and a mother. In part two, Cristina talks about Berta Cáceres' early activity with COPINH, leading up to the PPP plan, which would ultimately be their most dangerous fight.
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Sources
Who Killed Berta Caceres? Dams, Death Squads, and an Indigenous Defender’s Battle for the Planet by Nina Lakhani
https://archive.ph/BsiZB#selection-3399.94-3399.248
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_C%C3%A1ceres
https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-03-02/berta-caceres-and-the-resistance-that-was-born-under-an-oak-tree.html
https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/04/planeta_futuro/1457113234_162700.html
https://www.gaipe.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Represa-de-Violencia-ES-FINAL-.pdf
https://www.internationalrivers.org/news/remembering-river-defender-berta-caceres/
https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/honduras-berta-caceres-killed
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempira_(Lenca_ruler)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Miranda
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica_Project
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/21/berta-caceres-name-honduran-military-hitlist-former-soldier
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WEBVTT
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Hi everyone. This is Carmen and Christina and this is
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Estudia's Unknown, a podcast where we talk about Latin American history.
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Sometimes it's horrible and just the type of topics like racism,
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corruption and genocide. But more than that, it's also about resistance,
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power and community. This is part two of Roberta Cassids series,
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because yes it is now a series. I am guessing
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part three next part will be the last part. So
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we left off part one with Berta and her husband
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san Ralo, returning from Ensi Blor after the Civil War
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and how the reviews changed when it came to revolution.
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They felt that violence was not the way and whatever
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they did in Nondudas would not be armed because of
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everything they saw. This belief led to the formation of
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COPY in nineteen ninety three. Yeah. So after the peace
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ac Cords and all that, Sara Alonaberta returned to La
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Esperanza where she grew up. They lived in a small
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house and the outskirts of the town, where soon it
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would be full of members of COPIN. When they moved
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back to La Speranza, they saw Intibuka become flooded with sawmills.
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These saw mills were devastating the forest, and like I
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said in the last episode, these are Linka lands, so
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they were seeing this devastation of their ancestral lands. On
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top of that, they also witnessed how during the Salvadoran
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Civil War, the Salvadoran army, with the help of the
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Hunting government, persecuted indigenous people in these areas who showed
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any solidarity with the Salvadoran people, and they themselves were
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at risk. Well obviously them because they were fighting in
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the war, but like you know, her family and all that,
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so indigenous people, the persecution and the land off station
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made Bertha and sal Voda feel that they needed to
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organize to defend themselves. And they also they also sought
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to force the Honduran state to recognize the Lenca people
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because in this time, in the nineteen nineties, and even
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like today, you'll hear the majority group, which is Mestizo.
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In any Latin American country, it's the Mestizols who are
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the now biggest group. It was made to be this way,
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that's what colonization did. And so you'll hear people say, oh,
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and I want to say it still happens today less today,
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but people in the nineteen nineties were like, oh, there's
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no the Lanca people or I think of the past.
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They don't live anymore. Yeah. It's the way people talked
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about the quote unquote Aztecs, like oh, the prehistoric Act,
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that's right, that's not a thing, right, But they would
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say pre pre colonial acid they would say stuff like that. Yeah, right,
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I just want to be exaggerated and say prehistoric, but yeah,
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pre colonial, when in reality these groups are still here. Yeah.
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And so they wanted to be recognized because when they
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had first established copein they were not recognized as an
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indigenous people. And this is something common even in like
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the borders here in the US or like California, there's
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indigenous groups that are not because you know, the recognition,
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the recognition of tribal groups is different in the US
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than it is in say Latin America. And so in
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the US they're like federally recognized tribes. And there's tribes
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that are not recognized in California, but they know who
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they are. They're still here and they know who they are. Yeah,
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and there's yeah, tribes still fighting out to be like
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recognized by to be federally recognized, because that comes with
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protections that comes with a lot. And so in the
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nineteen nineties, when Copein was barely founded, the Lenca people
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were not recognized as as an indigenous group in Honduras,
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and so Berta and Taldor believed that this was the
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right moment for them to advocate for human rights, indigenous rights,
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and the demilitarization of their lands. Everything, everything, and Coppine
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has done amazing things since its inception, but it has
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come with such a high cost, including Berta's own life.
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Their organization was only a few months old on January first,
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nineteen ninety four, and this date, this date is everything
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for so many reasons. You do you know the significance
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of January first, nineteen ninety four. I assume NAFTA the
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day NAFTA came into effect, God Nafta and more importantly, though,
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the day of the Stapatista uprising. Yeah, Berta's five kids
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were all up super early as she sat on the
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couch and she was watching the events of the uprising
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unfold in her little tiny TV that she had in
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the living room, and she watched as super comman Nante
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Marco said, quote, we the Sapatistas say that neoliberal globalization
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is a world war, a war being waged by capitalism
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for global domination. That is why we're joining together to
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build a resistance struggle against neoliberalism and for humanity. End quote.
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And oh he just had a way with the words.
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Oh that's why he had his job. Yeah, he was
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curing a kid. That's who Superman was. Yes, literally, yes,
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and so yeah, like I said, it was super early
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as all this was being reported on TV. And now
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she watched Bertha yelled for Salvador because he was still sleeping,
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of course, and so seeing the Sapatistas and their uprising
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made her realize that they had to mobilize the indigenous
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people of Hoduras. They couldn't do this on their own.
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They needed to mobilize everyone. And Bertan Sabot always knew
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this is what they wanted to do, but seeing the
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Sapatista uprising gave them the confidence. Luprint as well, Yes, yes,
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it really did. So. After this moment in history that
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was so vital to them seeing this happen, they began
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organizing roadblocks, sit ins protests to stop illegal logging in
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yam Anguilla, a Lenka community a few miles away from
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them in Las Peranza. Then in June nineteen eighty four,
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one of their biggest actions ever took place. Thousands of
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indigenous people marched from their lands in western Honduras to
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te Go Sia, the capital. They had a list of
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demands including schools, clinics, better roads and land back, Okay,
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the recuperation and protection of their ancestral territory. And this
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included thousands of Maya Chorti to Lupin Tawaka Bitch communities
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as well as the Lenca and then from the north
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coast of Honduras, hundreds upon hundreds of Garifunas joined the
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march to the capitol. It's like literally every indigenous group
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in the country mobilized, and the country had never seen
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mobilization like this. This was big. It was in the
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news when it was being reported, they were like, we
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don't even know there was that many thing. They said indios,
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but that they didn't know there was that many indigenous
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people still alive, because that was the common narrative. And
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it was a sixth day, two hundred kilometer long march. Damn.
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As they marched, Berta and the Lencas held a banner
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that read quote Lempira vienne coros de los confines de
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la storia. Lampida comes with us from the confines of history.
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And do you know who Lempida is? It sounds so familiar,
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and I feel like I came up in the when
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I did the topic about the environmental activists in Latin America.
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Maybe I don't know. It just sounds so familiar hmmm
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in my but no, he he's on the one of
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the dollar dollar bills of he's on that. But when
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the Spanish invaded in fifteen twenty four, the Lencas were
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the largest indigenous group in the country. There were two
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hundred different communities of Lencas. They were all led by Lempira, who,
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you know, was like a you could say chieftain if
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you're using like terms from here, or like aske if
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you're using like terms from Boodinken. Oh, okay, And of
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course there was fierce resistance to Spanish colonization. It's just city.
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Also like a region, Yes, a department. Oh, that's that's
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where I recognize it from. Then, yes, that would make sense. Yeah.
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I was going to say that too when I forgot Okay,
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that's what you should start it with, because I'm like,
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I know I talked about it. Yeah, I should have
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been like, well, it's a department, so he is on
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the bill also, okay anyway, Yes, there was fear resistance
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to Spanish colonization led by Lempira. He commanded over thirty
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thousand soldiers, and after a battle in fifteen thirty seven,
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Lempira retreated to the mountains, where he continued to resist
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the Spanish. Four months after some months, the Spanish lured
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Lampida out to talk and a Spanish soldier who was
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hiding some distance away, fired a gun and I was like,
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they had guns back then. I'm like, oh, yeah, that's
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why it was so easy for them to kill a
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bunch of people. Yeah, it was a gun called the arquebus. Yeah,
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I look kind of like those old like rifle or
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old That is matter. I could see your disinterest increasing. No,
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I was hearing you out. I'm just tired. Okay, my
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bad anyway, but really it doesn't matter what what the
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gun looks like. And killed him. When the rest of
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the soldiers saw this, they surrendered. That's what school children
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ANDAs are taught about Limpida how he was killed. There
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is a different account that Lampidra was captured by the
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Spanish soldier by a Spanish soldier named Rodrigo Ruiz. In
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this account, Rodrigo Ruiz beheaded Lampira, and after that the
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Linka retreated and then eventually surrendered, and then they easily
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took over some city and named it something else. And
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that second version is from a document in the Archivo
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General the Indias in Saviga, Spain. Oh, so that's probably
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the right one. Either way. Lempira became a symbol of
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resistance in whatever way you look at it. He resisted
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the Spanish for a long time before they finally got him,
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and thus the Lenka copin Berta, they carried the sign
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their banner that read Benimoiselle Lampira. Okay, that is a
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lot I knew had some meaning, but it's a lot
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more meaningful knowing the history behind it. Yeah, yeah, that's
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why I included it. Yeah, I could not include it.
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You know. During the two hundred kilometer long march, Berta
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would pause the march to paint anti imperial murals on
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US military basis. Away, I love that. Right. As she painted,
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she explained to everyone, how everyone present, everyone listening, how
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militarization and oppression worked together with neoliberalism, and as long
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as this system is in place, then as people could
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not thrive. I need to go back in time and
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be there to listen to her. Could you just picture that, like, yeah,
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that's why I want to be there. I agree you
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just said that. Yeah exactly, but like exactly, when you
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have school assignments that are like, nay, three people you
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could from history that you could say, God, I can't
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even like begin to I can't pick three people. They're
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all women first of all, and me start there exactly Ruin, Berta, Comandanta.
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So now you're lord for me for sure? Oh yes,
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oh yeah, okay again too many, too many to name,
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but we already have four. They would always be women,
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I mean, but I would after all the women I
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would add to Yeah, I mean no, I mean men
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are allowed. I just feel like the first people that
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came to mind those well first twenty yeah yeah, but
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yeah no. So she would sit there and tell them
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about these things and like she was so early in
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catching how it wasn't just her people, it was the world.
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And she was so quick to connect the geopolitical outside
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of Onduras, and she was like people recognize that, and like,
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she only finished the three year teacher college that she
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went to when she was fifteen, and that's the schooling
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she had. And people were like people that she worked
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on worked with later on in life who were like
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presidents of nonprofits in the US who were super educated,
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they were like, no, she we like, you knew her
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the education she had, and she could sit in a
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room and just like go on and on with people
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who were way more educated about these things because she
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lived it and she knew it. Yeah, and it was
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just like amazing to see, is what people said. And
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I bet it was. I'm sure, yeah. Yeah. Following the March,
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Ondunas ratified the nineteen eighty nine Indigenous and Tribal People's
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Convention of the International Labor Organization. This is also known
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as the ILO one and sixty nine and the most
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basic explanation of what the IL one sixty nine is
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is that it asserts the rights of indigenous and tribal
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peoples to choose to integrate or maintain their cultural and
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political independence. Okay, but it has to be ratified or
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made into law by nation states. They have to accept it,
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because this is like the ILO is a separate organization,
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kind of like the Inter American Court of Human Rights
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where they make these rulings and then it's like suggestible
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and certain countries don't recognize them. Yes, that's kind of similar.
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And so after a bunch of intense advocacy by not
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only Copine but other indigenous areizations in Honduras, and with
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the help of Donya Austra Berta's mom who was a
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congress person, they pushed and pushed for the ratification of
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the ILO one sixt nine, And it was after that
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that it was done in nineteen ninety five and on Duras.
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And after the ILO was ratified, Coppin helped over two
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hundred Lanka communities acquire land titles across five different departments
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in Hoduras. Okay, that's cool. Yes, So like the ILO
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didn't fix everything overnight for Lenka communities, but it was vital.
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It set the legal stage for what would become one
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of Coppin's biggest fights, the Awa Sarka Dam. But because
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of the ILO, they now had like legal backing to
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say to fight back, to say these are our lands,
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they're protected. Look at this. This was ratified in nineteen
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ninety five. So that's what it did. And there's supposed
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to be a little segue here, and I didn't write one,
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so we're just gonna roll into it, okay. So called
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green energy projects were being proposed all over ancestral lands,
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indigenous lands. These green energy projects were usually backed by
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international financiers like the IMF. For there's a bunch but
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